الفهرس 
The Effect of Different Mandibular Implant Supported Overdenture Attachments On the Patient`s Biting Force
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Abstract
The increase in patient’s demands for the superior esthetics, together with the improvement in ceramic technology, has resulted in a variety of all ceramic materials and techniques. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the preparation designs on the fracture resistance of laminate veneers. A total of twenty freshly extracted, human, caries free maxillary central incisors were selected. The selected teeth were prepared for laminate veneer restoration and were divided according to the preparation design into group (A) (window preparation design), group (B) (proximal extension preparation design), group (C) (butt - joint preparation design), and group (D) (wrap - around preparation design ). Laminate veneers were constructed from IPS e.max, and excite bonding agent was applied while the porcelain veneers were treated with 9% hydrofluoric acid and silane coupling agent before cementation with variolink veneer adhesive resin cement and after teeth were treated with phosphoric acid 37% for 30 seconds. A specially designed device was used for veneers cementation to guarantee uniform thickness of the cement layer