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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumor types, with increased incidence and mortality in recent years. In almost all populations, males have higher HCC rates than females, with male: female ratios usually averaging between 2:1 and 4:1.The reasons for the higher rates of liver cancer in males may be related to sex-specific differences in exposure to risk factors or sex hormones themselves, thus, the present work was designed to study the gender difference of hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the study aimed to examine the role of hormonal manipulation in the sequence of this disease in both sexes.This was achieved chemically by a single intra-peritoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. This was then followed by single weekly subcutaneous injections of carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dose of 3ml/kg body weight for 6 weeks. Study groups included: I) Control group of male rats which represented the vehicle-treated, II) Control group of female rats which represented the vehicle-treated, III) The main study group of male rats in which an experimental model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was induced