الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Wrist fractures are common and may significantly impair the overall function of the upper extremity unless properly managed. Fractures of the distal radius are particularly common among the aging population, accounting for nearly 1/6 of all fractures, often as a result of increased longevity with the subsequent underlying osteoporosis.
New diagnostic tools, including wrist arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography, are increasingly available
in developed countries allowing accurate recognition and more effective
resolution of lesions which would be otherwise missed using conventional methods.
Articular wrist fractures are a common injury, especially distal radius, scaphoid and lunate particularly in the elderly population. Severity
of these fractures is directly related to the bone mineral density of the patient, and clinical results are dependent on this parameter as well. In terms of treatment, several options exist. Non-operative management consists of closed treatment with casting. Operative treatment options include intra-focal pinning, non-bridging and bridging external fixation, arthroscopic-assisted external fixation, and various methods of open reduction internal fixation. When operative intervention is indicated, considerations include the characteristics of the fracture and the experience of the surgeon with the treatment modalities.