الفهرس 
Assessment of Drought Intensity and Frequency in North Africa Using Standardized Precipitation Index And Reconnaissance Drought Index
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Abstract
Drought is one of the most common natural disasters,
wreaking havoc on ecosystems, agricultural production, and water supplies. This study has analyzed annual rainfall trends using monthly data series of 63 years (1958–2020) in North Africa over fifty stations. Here, we examined the occurrence of historical drought trends in the study area. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) were employed to find long-term drought trends as well as to examine the occurrence of drought history at a longer duration. The SPI is a widely used meteorological drought index that has been used by decision makers to assess and track the severity of meteorological drought The SPI and RDI data sets used in this study were computed from annual rainfall Drought is one of the most important natural hazards in North Africa and frequently affects a large number of people, causing tremendous economic losses, environmental damages and social hardships., drought has a strong impact on water resources in North Africa this situation has made more considerations toward the study and management of drought. The present study is focused on two important indices; SPI and RDI, for 12 months’ time scales in 50 meteorological synoptic stations in North Africa RDI computation, potential evapotranspiration was an important factor toward drought monitoring. So, The SPI and RDI data sets used in this study were computed from annual rainfall data. Helwan and Tataun stations have the lowest (4.7mm) and highest (1491.5mm) of rainfall fluctuation with 6.7 and 224.SDAnnual mean minimum and maximum temperatures showed increasing trend with almost same rate (0.03 °C/year) and statistically significant at 1% significant level. The estimation of changes and trends in PET, SPI and RDI for the 50 Stations
during the period 1958-2020 is based on the Mann-Kendall test. . from the long term analysis of PET, SPI and RDI at all stations in North Africa
Long-term temperature rises and precipitation decreases in northern Africa may have signaled the spread of the Sahara Desert throughout time
The study shows that droughts of1960-1960- 1982–1983, 1994–1995 and 1999–2000 were the driest agricultural seasons. Most severe hydrological droughts were 1980–1981, 1985–1986-1991–1992, 2000–2001, 2002–2003. This study describes the institutional change in drought management The aim of the study is to assess the meteorological drought in North Africa using three drought indices: Precipitation Deviation Percentage for the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)) these indices of drought were investigated at 50 meteorological stations