الفهرس 
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Abstract
Premature births and subsequent brain injuries have become global health problems due to the high financial costs and social burden of high rates of death and injury. Persistent disabilities such as cerebral palsy and neurological delay or weakness in addition to cognitive disorders (learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, and social behavioral disorders) are frequently observed in this group of children with incomplete development.
Babies are born in this critical period, when the brain is highly vulnerable to external and internal variables and factors, but in general, two variables are considered the most contributory to prematurity brain injury: leukoencephalopathy (WM) and hemorrhage from the fetal membranous tissue (GMH). leading to intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
These premature infants bleed primarily from the integumentary tissue rather than from the cerebral cortex or white matter, indicating a congenital impairment of the normal vessels and capillaries of the integumentary tissue compared to other brain regions.
Currently, bleeding of the fetal membrane tissue is the most common and important brain injury in the pre-development stage, due to the progress of health care and the high level of intensive care for infants who are not fully developed or who were born with very low weights. Previously, they often died at this young age, before intensive care and specialized nurseries were advanced.
The vast majority of these children do not show any symptoms, but are diagnosed during a routine ultrasound examination of the brain, while a small percentage of those suffer from mild mild disorders at the level of consciousness, movement, breathing and eye movement; The scarcity of them may suffer from severe and severe deterioration that comes in the form of coma, loss of motor rigidity, epileptic seizures, or perhaps cerebral quadriplegia, and with the advancement of imaging diagnostic methods, we have the ability to give a quantitative assessment of brain injury in these children, and thus we have learned about the underlying causes and pathological explanation Behind these injuries, which opens the door to prevention and early treatment.
Imaging diagnostic methods include several methods, including brain ultrasound, CT scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, we try to compare these different methods to obtain the most accurate, safe, and effective method in diagnosing these cases.
from the preliminary information, we note that the use of MRI for these children is a challenge due to the low safety standards for these infants who often suffer from poor stability of their heart and respiratory systems as well as the thermal stability of the body, so an MRI examination of this vulnerable group requires taking several precautions, no matter how Including providing comprehensive guidance that includes all the essential elements of good preparation, optimal monitoring of vital parameters, and open communication between the concerned departments.
Intensive care must also be maintained for these children throughout the examination or imaging period, which requires the use of special equipment that is compatible with MRI (non-magnetic) and that ensures optimal monitoring of vital signs without causing any injuries to the child such as causing burns to the body, as well as without causing any injuries to the child. Imaging quality deterioration is caused by radio frequency interference with the static magnetic field.
On the other hand, the examination using sound waves on the brain is an easy, private, safe and effective method that allows for serial examination of these children in their places without the need to transfer them from intensive care places or incubators, which reduces the chances of damage or injuries. It also allows imaging using the color Doppler feature of cerebral blood vessels. A sequential monitoring method of dynamic adaptation of cerebral circulation to environmental variables after birth.
Hence, ultrasound imaging on the brain is used to detect these early disorders, as mentioned above, such as bleeding of the fetal membranous tissue and bleeding within the ventricle (and its expansion after bleeding in its advanced stages), and recently with high frequencies and superior quality in detecting problems of the white matter around the ventricle, whether they are associated with with cystic lesions (CLM) or not associated with them in their early stages (NCLM)
Examination using TCUS on the brain is not without some limitations, such as technical dependence on the doctor conducting the examination, and the inability to detect problems in the back of the brain due to the narrow field of view, as well as the possibility of detecting problems of the cerebral cortex, and it also faces a challenge of objective measurement that is subject to change with Change of examiner or examination timing.