الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 138 |  |  |
| | | from | 138 | | |
Abstract
Two filed experiments were carried out at a private Farm located at Abu Qorqas, El-Minia, Egypt. latitude of 28º18’16’’N and longitude of 30º34’38’’E and altitude of 49 m above sea level during two successive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 to study the effect of three fertilization systems, i.e. 100% from recommended chemical nitrogen, 50% from recommended chemical nitrogen + yeast and 50% from recommended chemical nitrogen + red yeast, five weed control treatments, i.e. Harness 84 % EC at the rate of 500 cm3/fed. applied as pre-emergence followed by hand hoeing after one month later, Tegro 27.4% EC at the rate of 1L/fed applied at 2:3 leaves sugar beet plants followed by hand hoeing after one month later, Safari 50 % WG at the rate of 12 g/fed. applied at 2:3 leaves sugar beet plants followed by hand hoeing after one month later, Hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days from planting and Un-weeded (control). on weed characters and growth, yield and its components, as well as quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) variety Hassam. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, in a split plot arrangement and replicated three times , fertilization system was assigned to the main plots, while sub-plots were devoted to weed control treatments.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
I- Weed characters:
1- Fertilization system exhibited high significant effect on dry weight of narrow -leaved weeds (g/m2) and significant effect on dry weight of broad-and total- leaved weeds (g/m2) at 60 days age in the second season only, a2 and a3 decreased dry weight of total-leaved weeds by (18.05 and 16.97%) , respectively as compared to a1fertilization system.
2- Weed control treatments exhibited high significant effect on the dry weight of narrow, broad and total-leaved weeds (g/m2) at 60, 90 and 120 days age in both seasons. Tegro 27.4% EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later (b2) gave highly reduction in the dry weight of narrow -leaved weeds (0.71 and 0.71 g/m2) at 60 days age in the first and second season ,respectively, as well as Harness 84 % EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later (b1) gave lowest dry weight narrow -leaved weeds (0.71 and 1.40 g/m2) at 90 and 120 days age in the first season ,respectively, as well as Safari 50 % WG followed by hand hoeing after one month later, Hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days from planting and Tegro 27.4% EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later decreased the dry weight of broad-leaved weeds by ( 99.60 , 99.67 and 99.82 %) at 60, 90 and 120 days ages in the first season, respectively, as well as b1 at 60 and 120 days age , b3 at 90 days age by( 99.62, 99.72 and 99.84% ) in the second season, respectively, as compared with control.
3- The interaction between fertilization system ×weed control treatments revealed high significantly effect on reducing the dry weight of narrow, broad and total-leaved weeds at 60 days age in the second season only. The lowest values of dry weight of narrow-leaved weeds of 0.71 g/m2 were obtained by (a1× b1) ,( a1×b2 ) , (a1×b3) ,(a2×b1), (a2×b2) , (a2×b3) , (a2×b4) , (a3×b2) and (a3b4) and the lowest dry weight of broad-leaved weeds of 0.62 g/m2 were cleared by a3× b1, as well as a1× b1 equally with a1× b2, a1× b3, a2× b1, a2× b3 and a3× b2 recorded the lowest dry weight of total - leaved weeds of 1.42 g/ m2. Meanwhile, the highest dry weight of total - leaved weeds obtained by a1× b5 of 229.93 g/m2, followed by a3× b5 of 189.44 g/m2.
II- Sugar beet characters:
II-1- Growth characters:
1- Fertilization system cleared significant and high significant effect on growth characters, i.e. roots length and diameter (cm), number of leaves / plant, leaf length (cm.), root dry weight/ plant (g), LA (cm2) and LAI, root/top ratio, T.S.S.% at most ages in both seasons, except dry weight of leaves/p(g.) was insignificant. Fertilization system a3 (50% from recommended chemical nitrogen + red yeast ) surpassed the other two fertilization systems a1 and a2 for most previous traits at most studied ages in both seasons. While a2 fertilization system achieved the best for number of leaves / plant and T.S.S.% , however, a1 fertilization system out-yielded highest root/top ratio.
2- The effect of weed control treatments on all growth characters was high significant in all ages in both seasons except on T.S.S.% at 120days age in both season . Hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days age gave the highest roots length and diameter (cm.),leaf length(cm.) and dry weight of root/p(g.), as well as Harness 84 % EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later recorded the highest values for number of leaves/plant and dry weight of leaves(g.) without significant differences with Safari 50 % WG followed by hand hoeing after one month later and hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days age also cleared the lowest T.S.S.%. While, Safari 50 % WG followed by hand hoeing after one month later possessed the desirable values for L A(cm2) ,L A I and T.S.S.%. Meanwhile, the lowest values for all growth characters at all ages in both seasons were achieved by un-weeded treatment (b5).
3- All growth characters affected high significant and significant by the interaction between fertilization system × weed control treatments at most ages in both seasons, except number of leaves/p, dry weight/ p(g.) and root /top ratio in both seasons. a2× b2, a3× b4 , a2× b4 achieved the desirable values for most growth characters in both seasons as well as a2× b1 recorded the best L A and L A I .On contrary, the lowest values for all growth characters were obtained by the interaction between nu-weeded(b5 ) with a1, a2 and a3, except T.S.S.% was obtained by a3× b1.
II-2- Yield and yield components:
II-2-1- Root dimensions, dry weight of root and TSS %:
1- Fertilization system had highly significant effect on root length in both seasons, total soluble solids (TSS %) and root dry weight in the first season and significant effect on root dry weight in the second season. Fertilization system a3 surpassed the other two fertilization systems for root length of 56.13 cm. without significant deference with a2 in the first season, root dry weight of 257.07 and 256.15 g. in the first and second seasons ,respectively and total soluble solids (TSS %) of 23.64% in the first season. The tallest roots of 56.80 cm. were achieved by a2 in the second season, meanwhile the shortest roots of 53.87 and 53.33cm. and lighter dry weight of root of 244.96 and 247.63 g. were cleared by a1 in the first and second seasons, respectively , as well as a2 showed the lowest percentage of total soluble solids (TSS %) of 22.88% in the first season. The effect of fertilization system on root diameter it was not significant in both seasons and TSS % in the second season.
2- Weed control treatments had highly significant effect on root length, root diameter and root dry weight in the both seasons, while it was significant on (TSS %) in the second season. Harness 84 % EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later (b1) cleared the widest roots of 12.39cm. in the second season, however, Tegro 27.4% EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later (b2 ) recorded the tallest roots of 58.33 cm. in the first season as well as hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days from planting ( b4 ) surpassed the other weed control treatments for root diameter of 12.64 cm.in the first season, root dry weight of 320.81 and 316.10 g. in the first and second seasons ,respectively and root length of 59.33cm. in the second season . On contrary the lowest values for root length, root diameter and root dry weight of 44.33 cm.,4.87cm., 21.68 g. , 43.44cm., 4.20 cm. and 23.93g. in the first and second seasons ,respectively were observed by un-weeded treatment (b5). The highest percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) of 24.46% in the second season was cleared by b5(un-weeded)
3- The interaction between fertilization system × weed control treatments had high significant effect on root length and total soluble solids (TSS %) in the first season only. The tallest roots of 59.33 cm. was showed by 50% from recommended chemical nitrogen + yeast with Tegro 27.4% EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later(a2× b2) and a3 × b3 in the first season. On the other hand a1 × b5 recorded the shortest roots of 43.00cm. in the first season. The greatest percentage for total soluble solids (TSS) of 24.23% was observed by a1 × b5 in the first season, meanwhile, a2 × b5 gave the lowest percentage for total soluble solids (TSS) of 21.80% in the first season.
II-2-2- number of leaves/ plant , leaves dry weight /plant (g) , root /top ratio% and leaf length(cm.):
1- Fertilization system had a highly significant effect on leaves dry weight /plant (g) in the first season. Fertilization system a2 cleared the greatest weight of dry leaves of 59.52 g., meanwhile a1 recorded the lowest value for this trait of 56.70g. in the first season.
2- The effect of weed control treatments was highly significant for all previous traits in both seasons, Harness 84 % EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later , Safari 50 % WG followed by hand hoeing after one month later and hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days from planting surpassed the other weed control treatments for the previous traits in both seasons. However, the lowest values for all previous traits in both seasons were cleared by un-weeded treatment .
3- The interaction effect between fertilization system × weed control treatments was high significant for leaves dry weight/plant (g.), root/top ratio% and leaf length (cm.) in the second season.
II-2-3- Root and top yields (ton / fed):
1- Fertilization system had highly significant effect on these traits in the first season and significant effect on root yield (ton / fed.) in the second season. Fertilization system a3 obtained a high root yield of 25.45 and 25.36 ton/fed. in the first and second seasons ,respectively, in the same trend a2recorded the highest top yield of 7.20 ton/fed. in the first and second season. Meanwhile, the lowest values for these traits in both seasons were achieved by a1.
2- The effect of weed control treatments on root and top yields (ton / fed.) was high significant in both seasons. Hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days from planting (b4) surpassed the other weed control treatments for root yield (RY) of 31.76 and 31.29 (ton/fed.) in the first and second seasons, respectively the highest values for top yield of 8.58 and 8.64 (ton/fed.) were resulted by b3 and b1 in the first and second seasons, respectively, while application of un-weeded treatment cleared the lowest top yield/fed. of 1.48 and 1.36 ton in the first and second seasons ,respectively.
3- The interaction effect between fertilization system and weed control treatments on root and top yields (ton/fed.) was high significant for top yield(ton/fed.) in the second season only.
II-2-4- Gross, recoverable and losses sugar yields (ton/fed):
1- The effect of fertilization system was highly significant on gross, recoverable and losses sugar yields (ton/fed) in the second season, loss sugar yield (ton/fed) in the first season, and significant on gross sugar yield (ton/fed) in the first season. a1 revealed the favorable values for losses sugar yield of 0.66 in the first season and 0.77(ton/fed.) in the second season, gross and recoverable sugar yields of 4.75 and 3.98 (ton/fed.)in the second season, while a3 gave the highest losses sugar yield of 0.72 and 0.82(ton/fed.) in the first and second seasons ,respectively and lowest recoverable sugar yield of 3.70 (ton/fed.) in the second season.
2- Weed control treatments had a high significant effect on all previous traits in both seasons. Hand hoeing twice at 30 and 60 days from planting surpassed the other weed control treatments for the previous traits in both seasons. While un-weeded treatment recorded the lowest values of (0.40, 0.34 and 0.06 ton /fed.) and (0.43, 0.36 and 0.07ton /fed.) for gross, recoverable and losses sugar yields in the first and second seasons, respectively.
3- The effect of interaction between fertilization system and weed control treatments on gross, recoverable and losses sugar yield (ton/fed.) was high significant for gross yield (ton/fed.) and significant for recoverable and losses sugar yields (ton/fed.) in the first season.
II-3- Yield quality:
1- Fertilization system had high significant effect on sucrose percentage, Purity%, loss of sugar to molasses%, alkalinity coefficient, corrected sugar content and quality percentage in second season, and significant effect on α - amino-N % and K% and alkalinity coefficient in both seasons and in the first season, respectively, a1 surpassed the other two fertilization systems for sucrose percentage, Purity%, corrected sugar content and quality percentage and equal with a2 for alkalinity coefficient, meanwhile a3 recorded favorable K% of 4.93 and 4.53% and unfavorable α - amino-N % of 3.22 and 1.52% , Na% of 1.49 and 3.45% in the first and second seasons, respectively.
2- The effect of weed control treatments was high significant for Purity%, alkalinity coefficient and quality percentage in both seasons and sucrose %, Na% and corrected sugar content% in the first season, K% and loss of sugar to molasses% in the second season , while loss of sugar to molasses% and sucrose % affected significantly in the first and second seasons, respectively. Safari 50 % WG followed by hand hoeing after one month later observed the highest values for most previous traits, as well as Tegro 27.4% EC followed by hand hoeing after one month later for (Qz %).
3- The effect of fertilization system × weed control treatments interaction was significant on sucrose % , Purity% and corrected sugar content in the first season , K% in the second season, and loss of sugar to molasses% in both seasons, meanwhile alkalinity coefficient, Na% and (Qz %) deferred high significantly at first , second and both seasons, respectively.