الفهرس 
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Abstract
Membrane technology is an emerging technology frequently applied in wastewater treatment and can be a solution for dissolved organic, microbial cells and dissolved mono – divalent salts removal in wastewater since membranes are designed to retain particles according to their pore diameter and other physical properties.
This thesis demonstrates a better understanding of the fundamental aspects responsible for high contamination removal, modification of porous membrane and fouling development during filtration process.
The fabricated membranes in this thesis can be divided to:-
• Preparation of nanomaterials with co-precipitation method. These nanomaterials are zinc oxide, silver oxide and composite zinc oxide loaded with silver oxide.
• Characterization of the prepared nanomaterials with different techniques including Scan electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope and x-ray diffraction.
• The thesis studied the effect of zinc oxide, silver oxide and mixed zinc oxide/silver oxide on the properties of PVC membrane with loading amount 0.2 % wt., . The results showed that the fabricated membranes with mixed zinc oxide/silver oxide have good mechanical properties, high separation, improving the morphology structure and high antifouling properties .The separation percentage of humic acid reached to 95% and permeate flux was 6.1 L/m2∙h at 2 bar while loading with zinc oxide and silver oxide leads to unhomogeneity in membrane structure and bad separation percentage.
• During dead end ultrafiltration PVC membranes with different ZnO/Ag2O percent (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7). ZnO/Ag2O with 0.6 % had the highest rejection of humic acid 100% with the best permeate flux 9.1/m2.h.
So, membrane with ZnO/Ag2O 0.6 wt.% showed very good properties as UF membranes.
• Since, fouling is an important challenge that shall be overcome in order to implement membrane technology in large scale, that part of the thesis studied the effect of ZnO/Ag2O 0.6 wt.% on the antifouling properties of PVC membrane. The results showed that the optimum dose amount of ZnO/Ag2O in the casting solution is 0.6% wt., where acquire the fabricated membranes good mechanical properties, high separation, improving the morphology structure and high antifouling properties.
• The Rr of PVC- ZnO/Ag2O modified membranes was significantly higher than that of other modified membranes with pure ZnO 17% and pure Ag2O 9.8 %. This trend showed that with the loading of ZnO/Ag2O, reversible fouling (Rr) increasingly became the major fouling factor, indicating increased anti-fouling performance of ZnO/Ag2O based membranes and having the best anti-fouling performance.
• The PVC-ZnO/Ag2O membrane have antimicrobial activity, it shown the highest inhibition zone against E.coli which ranged from 28 to 33 mm.
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