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المستخلص
The world has become a small village. The Internet has played an important role in communications revolution. Sensor nodes usually have very limited resources in terms of computing memory, storage data, transmission and onboard energy. These limitations motivate a large amount of researches in the field of wireless sensor networks, especially the energy constraint which is considered as the major routing challenge. Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) technology has recently captured increasing interest in communication system researches, with many applications particularly, in monitoring the natural ecosystems. A wireless sensor network consists of many small sensor nodes distributed in a sensing area to collect the surrounding data. The collected data are sent to a collection point called ”sink node”, which transmits the received data to a control station. The sensor nodes have many obstacles such as limited power, limited bandwidth, limited processing time and limited transmission range. The limited power in the sensor nodes is considered one of the most important challenges in a wireless sensor network, as the network lifetime mainly depends on the energy consumption of the sensor nodes