الفهرس 
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Abstract
In this study, it has been reported that the polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was modified by anchoring Ag/AgBr to improve its charge separation efficiency. When compared to g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag/AgBr nanoparticles (NPs), the photo-responsive Ag/AgBr/g-C3N4 nanocomposites (NCs) demonstrated superior catalytic activity for the production of hydrogen. According to estimates, the NCs generated hydrogen at rates that were 3.05 and 15.88 times faster than those of the NPs and g-C3N4, respectively. Through a catalytic hydrogen transfer (CHT) approach using aqueous ethanol (EtOH: H2O, 1:1) as a solvent and at room temperature, under visible light irradiation, and under atmospheric pressure without the addition of molecular hydrogen gas, a novel method for the reduction of D-glucose to D-sorbitol using Ag/Ag/Br/g-C3N4photonanocatalyst was investigated. The highly selective conversion of glucose onto sorbitol (89 percent) was found to be achieved by using 100 ppm of the tilting catalyst in the presence of 10 percent NaHSO3 (NaHSO3: catalyst, 1:10, w/w) after 8 hours of visible light irradiation. The evaluation of the catalyst recycling has produced evidence that the catalyst’s activity persisted after the fourth usage. In comparison to the previously researched methods in this field, this protocol is primarily seen as a green approach for the high-yielding manufacture of sorbitol under mild conditions.Another nanocomposite 3D heterostructure of Ni/NiO microflower decorated graphitic carbon nitride with different ratios were designed and synthesized via hydrothermal method and evaluate their efficient electrocatalytic activity toward urea electrochemical oxidation (UEO). By using XRD, TEM, SEM, and EDX techniques, thechemical structure and morphology of the produced electrocatalysts are verified. Using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the produced materials’ catalytic activity is assessed and investigated toward UEO as a function of current density and compared with various Ni-based catalysts in NaOH solution (EIS). The anodic current density of NiOmicroflower reached 3.39 mA cm-2, and its onset potential of urea oxidation peak is 0.31 V (vs. Ag/ AgCl) meanwhile, oxidation current density of Ni/NiO/g-C3N4 is 5.54 mAcm-2 with onset potential 0.30 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to determine the charge transfer resistance of the modified surfaces under different conditions (such as urea content, electrolyte concentration, and oxidation potential) (EIS).