الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current study is done to evaluate the effect of oral administration of Hesperidin on alveolar bone structure in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This study was performed on thirty-six adult male albino rats divided into three groups: group I is the control group, group II is the diabetic group and group III is the Hesperidin group.
For the development of Diabetes, rats in groups II and III were injected with a single freshly prepared intraperitoneal injection of STZ dissolved in citrate buffer at a dosage of 50 mg/kg following 12 hours of fasting. Diabetes was confirmed if tail vein blood sugar concentrations were above 200-300 mg/dl using a digital glucometer. group III was administered Hesperidin powder dissolved in 0.9% saline (200 mg/kg/day) orally via gastric gavage, 48 hours after induction of diabetes, for a period of 6 weeks.
After 2 and 6 weeks from the time of detection of DM, rats were euthanized and the mandible of each rat was dissected out. The right halves were prepared for histological examination by light microscope, while the left halves were prepared for SEM and EDX. Tail vein glucose samples were taken from all groups weekly to observe blood glucose samples through the experimental period.
The results acquired from the current study included the following:
1. Light microscopic results.
2. Scanning electron microscope results.
3. Blood Glucose level results.
4. Energy Dispersive x-ray microanalysis.
Light microscope results
Light microscopic examination of the control group revealed normal architecture of the alveolar bone from the coronal part till the apical part, covered by a layer of plump osteoblast cells. Osteocytes were regularly distributed with normal sized nuclei. In contrast, microscopic examination of the diabetic group at 2 weeks revealed disturbance in the normal architecture of the alveolar bone with bone resorption and irregularities. Discontinuity of the osteoblast cell layer was noted in comparison to the control group. Osteoclast cells in howship’s lacunae were noted. Whereas, after 6 weeks, alveolar bone showed a punched out irregular outline with severe roughness and resorption. Osteocytes showed signs of pyknosis. Several osteoclast cells were seen.
Examination of the hesperidin group after 2 weeks showed a relatively smooth and regular outline of the alveolar bone with some irregular rough areas. Some osteocytes were pyknotic while others were normal in size. However, after 6 weeks, the alveolar bone restored its regular outline with a plump osteoblast cell lining. Osteocytes showed normal size and uniform distribution.
Scanning electron microscope results
The control group revealed a generalized smooth and homogenous surface morphology of the buccal cortical plate of the alveolar bone. In Contrast, the diabetic group after 2 weeks showed surface irregularities with moderate roughness. Whereas, after 6 weeks, the buccal cortical plate revealed generalized roughness with irregular resorptive craters and irregular nutrient canals. However, the hesperidin group after 2 weeks showed smooth buccal cortical plate alternating with some roughened resorbed areas. After 6 weeks, the surface topography showed generalized smooth and homogenous surface, free of defects, very close to the control group.
Blood Glucose Level results
The surge in the blood sugar levels was statistically important in the diabetic and the hesperidin treated group after STZ injection by 2-4 days. The diabetic group’s hyperglycemic condition remained essentially steady throughout the experiment. On the other hand, in the hesperidin treated group, the mean blood glucose levels showed gradual significant improvement. They diminished to values close to those of the control group.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
The results of EDX microanalysis regarding percentages of calcium and phosphorous in both intervals (after 2 and 6 weeks) revealed statistically substanial difference between the control group and other two groups (diabetic and hesperidin) at 2 weeks interval and only the diabetic group at 6 weeks interval. However, the difference between the control group and hesperidin treated group at 6 weeks interval was not statistically significant.