الفهرس 
Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of different nanomaterials against phytopathogenic fungi
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate of the antifungal activity of nanomaterials (NMs) and some biocontrol agents against some cotton pathogenic fungi. Twenty-five fungal isolates obtained from infected cotton seedlings collected from different cotton growing areas at Giza governorate. Isolates were identified as Rhizoctonia solani (44%), Fusarium spp. (44%) and Macrophomina phaseolina (12%). The most pathogenic fungal isolates on Giza90 and Giza94 were F. fujikuroi F10, R. solani RS9(AG2-2) and M. phaseolina M4. All the tested Trichoderma isolates were effective as antagonists and caused inhibition of linear growth of all pathogenic fungal isolates F10, RS9, and M4 in vitro. Tvivi,T28 and T34 were the most effective Trichoderma isolates against F10, Rs9, and M4, respectively. Combinations of seed dressing fungicides and Trichoderma isolates were evaluated as to their effects on susceptibility of cotton cultivars to Fusarium (F10) under greenhouse conditions, andfrom the practical point of view, using of biocide Trichoderma Tvivi was the best one for both cultivars as it did not include chemical fungicides. As to R. solani (RS9), using the biocide Trichoderma T28 was the best one for both cultivars. Regarding M. phasolina (M4), using the biocide Trichoderma T34 was the best one for both cultivars and the difference between it and the maximum value was non-significant. The effect of culture filtrates of Trichoderma isolates on survival and radical length of cotton cultivars in vitro was evaluated. Most of Trichoderma isolates were pathogenic on both cotton cultivars, five isolates were non pathogenic on Giza90, while Trichoderma Tvivi increased survival percentage significantly on Giza94. Under greenhouse conditions, the effect of the non pathogenic five isolates in vitro on Giza90 was tested and Trichoderma T47 increased the survival to 93.334% followed by T2, which increased survival to 91.667% on both cotton cultivars. Extracellular mycosynthesis of silver, ZnONPs, and ZnO-Chitosan nanocomposites using Trichoderma harzianum, a potential fungal antagonist, was reported in this work. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their size, shape, charge, composition by visual analysis, UV–visible spectrometry, XRD, Zeta potential, DLS, TEM, SEM and EDX. The antifungal activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their role in increasing the antifungal activity compared with two chemical fungicides (Moncut and Maxim XL) against soil-borne pathogens complex includingF10, Rs9, and M4.