الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
Composition of cane juiceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
CONCLUSION
In this study, experiments at a pilot plant scale are conducted for investigating the behavior of cationic color precipitants during clarification of mixed juice, raw sugar mixture at different ratios as well as raw sugar melt and evaluated the effects of these decolorants on decolorization efficiency. In addition, investigate of using cationic color precipitants “CCP” as alternative of “H2O2” which used as decolorant agent in Egyptian cane sugar factories from the standpoint of decolorization efficiency.
The results showed that the most proper conditions for application of “CCP” MAJ-1 in clarification of mixed juice from the standpoint of color removal efficiency are achieved at 100-ppm dosage, pH 7.3, 90-minutes retention time, feeding point of MAJ-1 before clarification and 350-ppm dosage of P2O5. However, the color removal percent was low and do not exceed 8.2 % in compare with the color level (10608 – 11481 m.a.u % brix) of clarified juice (control). The difference of results in purities, ash % brix, reducing sugar % brix and calcium oxide % brix for clarified juice was non-significant. This is a good evidence that there is no relation between MAJ-1 and dissolved salts in juice.
The results indicated that, (S TYPE 20) is more effective than TACELENE 4015 and MAJ-1 in clarification of raw sugar mixture at different ratios from the standpoint of decolorization efficiency at all different ratios and the turbidity removal percent was in the range of (97.22%) to (99.64 %). Therefore, it is selected to study the behavior of S TYPE-20 in clarification of raw sugar mixture at ratio (2:1). The results revealed that the most proper experimental conditions for application of “CCP” S TYPE-20 in clarification of raw sugar mixture at ratio (2:1) are pH within (6.8 - 7.2), 300-ppm dosage of P2O5, 30-minutes retention time and 300-ppm dosage of S TYPE-20. Addition of S TYPE 20 after clarification is the most proper feeding point. The best color removal percent of resulted clarified mixture was 28 % in compare with the color level (9005 – 10221 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar mixture. The difference in results of analyses in purities, ash % brix and reducing sugar % brix for clarified mixture was non-significant. The turbidity removal percent was in the range of (98.22 %) to (99.18 %).
The results of clarification of raw sugar melt using of “CCP” S TYPE-20 indicated that the best color removal percent of resulted clarified melt was from 27.37 % to 40.77 % at 100-ppm dosage of S TYPE-20 in compare with the color level (1563 – 2934 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar melt. Moreover, the best color removal percent of resulted clarified melt was from 42.84 % to 53.33 % at 200-ppm dosage of S TYPE-20 in compare with the color level (1563 – 2762 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar melt. In addition the most proper experimental conditions for application of “CCP” S TYPE-20 in clarification of raw sugar melt are within the slightly basic of pH (7.1- 7.4), 300-ppm dosage of P2O5, 30-minutes retention time and 200-ppm dosage of S TYPE-20. Addition of S TYPE 20 after clarification is the most proper feeding point. The difference of results in purities, P2O5 residual, ash % brix and calcium oxide % brix for clarified melt was non-significant.
Pilot plant trials are conducted to investigate of using cationic color precipitants “CCP” as alternatives of “H2O2” which used as decolorant agent in Egyptian sugar factories from the standpoint of decolorization efficiency. In addition, it is possible to use mixture of hydrogen peroxide with “CCP” in clarification of raw sugar mixture. The results of comparison between “CCP” and hydrogen peroxide ”H2O2” in clarification of raw sugar mixture at ratio (2:1) are evaluated. The results of comparison between S TYPE 20 and H2O2 showed that decolorization percent were 22.91% and 13.31% respectively at 300-ppm dosages of each matter. However, the best color removal percent (24.29%) which is achieved with using of mixture of (300 ppm of H2O2 and 300 ppm of STYPE-20) in compare with the color level (9152 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar mixture. The turbidity removal percent was convergent in the range from (97.23 %) to (97.84%). In second case the results indicated that the color removal percent of resulted clarified mixture (20.55 %) which achieved at mixture of (400 ppm of H2O2 and 400 ppm ofSTYPE-20). However the color removal percent was (16.90 %), (10.00 %) using 400 ppm of S TYPE-20 individually and 400 ppm of H2O2 individually respectively in compare with the color level (9918 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar mixture. The turbidity removal percent was convergent in the range from (95.74 %) to (98.23%).
Cationic color precipitants (STYPE-20) and (TACELENE CHEM 4015) are tested and compared with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The trials applied to evaluate the clarification behavior of mixture of raw syrup that is subjected to sulphitation process with raw sugar melt at ratio (2:1). The results indicated that the color removal percent of resulted clarified mixture (27.18 %) and (23.11%) which achieved using cationic precipitants (TACELENE 4015 and S TYPE-20) respectively was better than the color removal percent (16.53 %) using hydrogen peroxide individually at 400 ppm of each matter. The best color removal percent (27.38 %) which achieved in case of using mixture of (400 ppm of S TYPE-20 and 400 ppm of H2O2 in compare with the color level (8187 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar mixture. The best turbidity removal percent (96.34 %) which achieved in case of using of “CCP” (STYPE-20) and (TACELENE CHEM 4015) individually. The difference of results of analyses of purities, ash % brix for clarified mixture was non-significant in all cases. In second case, the best color removal percent of resulted clarified mixture (29.74 %) and (26.72 %) which is achieved using of S TYPE-20 and TACELENE 4015 respectively at 300 ppm of each matter. where the color removal percent that is achieved using mixture of (300 ppm of S TYPE-20 and 300 ppm of H2O2) and 300 ppm of hydrogen peroxide individually was (23.45 %), (15.45%) respectively in compare with the color level (8388 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar mixture.. The best turbidity removal percent (96.09 %) which is achieved in case of using of “CCP” (STYPE-20) and (TACELENE CHEM 4015) individually.
The results of comparison between “CCP” and hydrogen peroxide ”H2O2” in clarification of raw sugar melt showed that the color removal percent of resulted clarified melt (40.40 %) is achieved using “CCP” STYPE-20 individually was better than the color removal percent (27.70 %) using hydrogen peroxide individually at 200 ppm of each matter. The best color removal (45.16 %) which is achieved in case of using mixture of (200 ppm of S TYPE-20 and 200 ppm of H2O2) in compare with the color level (2119 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar melt.. The turbidity removal percent of clarified melt was convergent in the range from (96.12 %) to (98.45 %). The difference of results of analyses of purities, ash % brix and calcium oxide % brix for clarified melt was non-significant. In second case, the results revealed that the color removal percent of resulted clarified melt (33.11 %) and (20.70%) achieved using “CCP” S TYPE-20 and TACELENE 4015 respectively was better than the color removal percent using hydrogen peroxide (14.84 %) individually at 300 ppm of each matter. The best color removal (40.25 %) is achieved in case of mixture of (300 ppm of S TYPE-20 and 300 ppm of hydrogen peroxide) in compare with the color level (2507 m.a.u % brix) of untreated raw sugar melt. The turbidity removal percent was convergent in the range from (96.24 %) to (99.46 %).
Depending on the above results, concluded that “CCP” can be used successfully instead of hydrogen peroxide in decolorization of raw sugar melt. In addition, it is possible to use mixture of hydrogen peroxide with “CCP” in clarification of raw sugar mixture as well as raw sugar melt. the economic study of application of cationic color precipitant during the clarification process of raw sugar mixture at ratio (2:1) showed that because of it is possible to reduce the number of strikes from five strikes to three strikes. Thus, the saving in cost of energy that predicted to be achieved approximately 6429000 L.E (±100000 L.E). In addition the expected reduction in cost of maintenance and lower industrial processes.