الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
Table A. Total area and production for grapevine, 2020Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out through two seasons 2018 and 2019 on 26 years old Ruby Seedless grapevines grown at the Experimental Orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt. where the soil has clay texture and with water is not less than two meters deep. Vines are spaced at 2.0x2.5 meters apart (850 vines per feddan).
The chosen vines were pruned during the last week of December in both seasons. The experiment consisted of 22 treatments; each treatment comprised of 4 vines including the standard treatment (control).
The vines were trained according to the head training system and pruned during the second week of January. Head pruning system was applied for leaving total bud load of 60 buds/vine (fruiting 16 spars x 3 buds each and 6 replacement spur x 2 buds). The chosen vines the subjected to regular agriculture practices that are used in the vineyard, except of the tested treatment.
This investigation was divided into three experiments as follow:
The 1st experiment The 2nd experiment The 3rd experiment
Control Control Control
Moringa 5% GA3 10 ppm Chitosan 2% + Micronutrient 0.1%
Fulvic acid 2% H2O2 10 mM Turmeric 5% + Micronutrients 0.1%
Chitosan 2% Salicylic acid 5% Free amino acids 0.1% + Fulvic acid 2%
Turmeric 5% Mepiquat chloride 200 ppm H2O2 10 mM + Moringa 5%
Aloe vera 5% Micronutrients 0.1% Fulvic acid 2% + Moringa 5%
Seaweed 2% Free amino acid 0.1% Salicylic acid 5% + Aloe vera 5%
Mepiquat chloride 200 ppm + Seaweed 2%
The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, one tree each. The following parameters were measured during the two seasons studied.
A- Vegetative growth parameters:
At the last week of July during both seasons, the leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaves number and shoot length (cm2) were recorded.
B- Yield components:
The yield of each vine expressed in weight (kg) was recorded:
1- Total yield weight (kg/vine). 2- Cluster weight (g).
C- Cluster measurements:
1- Cluster length. 2- Cluster width.
3- Cluster (rachis weight). 4- Number of branch/cluster
D- Berry measurements:
Three groups of each vine were randomly taken to determine the following physical and chemical properties:
1- Berry length. 2- Berry diameter.
3- 100 berry weight. 4- Juice weight of 100 berries (g).
E- Fruit chemical characteristics:
1- Total soluble solids percentage (TSS%) was determined in fruit juice using a hand refractometer.
2- Percentage of total acidity (as g tartaric acid/100 ml juice) by titration against 0.1 NaOH using phenolphthalein as an indicator (A.O.A.C., 1985).
3- The ratio between TSS and acid.
4- Percentage of reducing sugars in the juice by using Lane and Eynon (1965) volumetric method as described in (A.O.A.C., 2000).
Experimental design;
The experiment was split-plot arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was adopted where each treatment included 4 replications. The combined analysis of the two seasons of study was done. As well as, the differences between the two seasons of study was tested.
Results:
The obtained results can be summarized as following:
1) Vegetative growth parameters:
1-1) Leaf size (width and length, cm):
The results revealed that aloe vera and the control exceeded all the treatments concerning leaf width (cm). The difference between aloe vera and the control was not significant. Although moringa and chitosan extracts gave lower values than the control, the differences were not significant. On the other side, the 2nd season of study significantly surpassed the 1st one.
All the treatments with an exception of fulvic acid significantly exceeded the control respecting leaf length. As well as, Aloe vera significantly exceeded all the treatments in this respect. The 2nd season of study also significantly got over the 1st one.
Results of chemical compound spraying effect on leaf width and length revealed that the treatments with an exception of MC did not significantly different comparing with the control concerning leaf width. MC significantly was lower than the control.
GA3 at 10 ppm produced the highest value of leaf width and significantly surpassed MC, MN and amino acids compounds.
Leaf length (cm) as affected by various chemical compounds spraying suggested that GA3 significantly exceeded all the treatments except of amino acids. Also, the results revealed that all the treatments significantly exceeded the control. The best treatments in this respect were GA3 followed by amino acid and then salicylic acid, while the control recorded the lowest value.
The differences between the two years of study were not significant either for leaf width or length.
The combined treatments of amino acids + fulvic acid, H2O2 + moringa extract and turmeric extract + micronutrients significantly exceeded the control. The rest of treatments had not significant effect comparing with the control. The difference between the two seasons of study was not significant. Respecting leaf length it was observed that all the treatments significantly surpassed the control. The results also suggested that, both turmeric extract + micronutrients and amino acids + fulvic acids produced the highest value of leaf length followed by fulvic acid + moringa extract with no significant differences between the three treatments. Data also revealed that, the 1st season of study significantly was higher than the 2nd one.
1-2) Leaves number:
Data revealed that turmeric extract and chitosan recorded the highest number of leaves/shoot with no significant differences between them. On the other side, the rest of treatments did not significantly differ from the control. As well as, the 2nd year of study significantly higher than the 1st one.
The best of chemical compounds on leaves number/shoot was GA3 spraying, followed by micronutrients, H2O2 and then MC treatments. The 2nd year of study also was significantly higher than the 1st one.
Respecting the combined treatments, the only treatments that significantly exceeded the control were MC + seaweed extract and fulvic acid + moringa extract, while the rest of treatments had not a significant effect comparing with the control. The 2nd season surpassed the 1st one in this trait.
1-3) Shoot length (cm):
Plant extract treatments significantly got over the control, however, fulvic acid was the only treatment that not has a significant effect. Turmeric extract, seaweed and aloe vera recorded the highest values of shoot length. They significantly exceeded the rest of treatments. The difference between the two seasons of study was not significant in this respect.
With an exception of MC and amino acids, the other chemical compounds gave significant differences comparing with the control. GA3 and then micronutrients recorded the highest shoot length without a significant differences between the two treatments followed by H2O2 and salicylic acid with no significant differences between them. The differences between the two studied seasons were not significant.
All the combined treatments have a significant effect comparing with the control. Also, the 2nd year of study surpassed the 1st one.
The results revealed that MC + seaweed, turmeric extract + micronutrients, H2O2 + fulvic acid and fulvic acid + moringa extract recorded the longest shoot.
2) Yield components:
The results revealed that all the treatments significantly surpassed the control either for yield weight (kg/vine) or cluster weight.
2-1) Yield weight (kg/vine)
All natural plant extract spraying significantly exceeded the control. The best treatments in this respect were chitosan and seaweed extract. fulvic acid and aloe vera also produced higher yield/vine with no significant differences between them. The increment percentages associated with the previous prevalent treatments were 45.55, 43.28, 34.58 and 29.15, over the control, respectively. The presented data also revealed that the 2nd season of study was significantly higher than the 1st one.
The best chemical treatment in this respect was salicylic acid spraying which it significantly surpassed all the rest of treatments followed by micronutrients and then MC and free amino acids. The corresponding increment percentage for these treatments was found to be 48.24, 33.30, 25.59 and 24.51% over the control, respectively. As well as, the 2nd year of study was significantly higher than the 1st one.
The results of combined treatments suggested that free amino acids + fulvic acid exhibited the highest value of yield weight followed by turmeric extract + micronutrients, H2O2 + moringa and then chitosan + micronutrients. The increment percentages of such treatments were 45.73, 39.13, 36.41 and 29.81% more than the control, respectively. On the other side, the 2nd year of study significantly was higher than the 1st one.
2-2) Cluster weight (g):
All the treatments significantly recorded higher values comparing with the control. Fulvic acid, chitosan and seaweed extracts gave the highest values of cluster weight. These treatments recorded an increment percentages of 33.45, 30.01 and 23.41% over the control, respectively. The 1st year of study was significantly higher than the 2nd on
Salicylic acid spraying was the predominant treatment over the rest of the treatments which recorded an increment percentage of 33.92% over the control vines. MC and micronutrients represented also high cluster weight with no significant differences between them. They recorded 25.82 and 22.53% increment percentages more than the control. The 1st year of study also was higher than the 2nd one.
The best results of combined treatments were amino acids + fulvic acid, H2O2 + moringa extracts, turmeric extract + micronutrients and chitosan + micronutrients. The differences between these treatments were not significant. The increment percentages of such treatments over the control were 39.88, 39.59, 33.98 and 33.07%, respectively. These were no significant difference between the two seasons of study.
3) Cluster measurements:
3-1) Cluster size (length and width, cm):
3-1-1) Cluster length (cm):
The given data revealed that the natural plant extract treatments with exception of turmeric extract significantly exceeded the control. The prevalent treatments on increasing the cluster length were aloe vera and chitosan. Both of the treatments significantly surpassed the rest of treatments.
The effect of chemical spraying on cluster length suggested that all the treatments significantly got over the control. Salicylic acid and GA3 have superiority in this respect. The difference between them was not significant. The other treatments also significantly surpassed the control and the differences between them were not significant. The 1st season of study was significantly higher than the 2nd one.
The results of cluster length (cm) as affected by selected combined treatments revealed that combined treatments of salicylic acid + aloe vera and then free amino acids + fulvic acid significantly exceeded the rest of the treatments. The other treatments did not significantly differ from the control.
3-1-2) Cluster width (cm):
Chitosan significantly exceeded all the treatments followed by fulvic acid and then moringa extract. The rest of treatments did not significant affect this trait. Concerning the effect of chemical compounds spraying.
There were no significant differences between the chemical treatments and the control. However, MC, micronutrients and GA3 recorded the highest values of cluster width. On the other side, the combined treatments results showed that the best treatment in this respect was salicylic acid + aloe vera followed by amino acids + fulvic acid and then H2O2 + moringa. The rest of treatments had not significant effect. The 1st year of study was significantly higher than the 2nd one for all the experiments.
3-2) Cluster branches number:
The results respecting spraying treatments effect on branches number/cluster clearly demonstrated that all the plant extracts treatments significantly surpassed the control. The best treatment in this respect was chitosan and it significantly exceeded all the treatments. The 2nd best treatments was fulvic acid and aloe vera, however, the control recorded the lowest value.
The chemical treatments with an exception of amino acids, significantly increased No. branches/cluster. The best treatments in this respect were GA3 and salicylic acid.
All the combined treatments were significantly higher than the control.
The best treatments in this respect were amino acids + fulvic acid and fulvic acid + moringa extract. The 1st year of study had a higher significant value than that of the 2nd year of study.
3-3) Cluster rachis weight:
Moringa extract, chitosan and fulvic acid exhibited the highest values with no significant differences between them. Concerning chemical compounds effects on cluster rachis weight, the presented data suggested that MC and GA3 were the prevalent treatments followed by micronutrients and salicylic acid. While, H2O2 and amino acid had not significant effect comparing with the control. The 2nd year of study recorded a higher value than the 1st one. The combined treatments showed that spraying with chitosan + micronutrients, turmeric extract + micronutrients, H2O2 + moringa and amino acids + fulvic acid recorded the highest values of cluster rachis weight and the differences between them were not significant.
4) Berry measurements:
4-1) Berry size (length and diameter, cm):
4-1-1) Berry length (cm):
The results of different plant extracts spraying on berry length of Ruby Seedless grapevines demonstrated that aloe vera and seaweed extracts represented a significant increase of berry length while the rest of treatments did not significantly differ from the control. The 1st year of study gave higher berry length comparing with the 2nd seasons.
Amino acids followed by both GA3 and salicylic acid recorded the highest berry length. The rest of chemical treatments had not a significant effect. Also, the 1st year of study significantly exceeded the 2nd one.
The results of combined treatments on berry length suggested that MC + seaweed and H2O2 + moringa recorded the highest values. The 1st year also significantly higher than the 2nd one.
4-1-2) Berry diameter:
Natural plant extracts spraying mostly showed a significant increase in berry diameter comparing with the control. With an exception of moringa, the plant extract treatments significantly exceeded the control. The highest values in this respect were taken from seaweed and both fulvic acid and chitosan. There were no significant differences between the two years of study.
All chemical spraying significantly surpassed the control. The highest values were recorded by spraying with amino acids and then GA3 and H2O2. They recorded 1.42, 1.41 and 1.39 cm, respectively. The differences between the two years of study were also not significant.
The combined treatments demonstrated that H2O2 + moringa, MC + seaweed and amino acid + fulvic acid exhibited the highest values of berry diameter.
In all experiments, the control recorded the lowest value.
4-2) 100 berries weight and their juice weight:
4-2-1) 100 berries weight:
Data suggested that all the plant extracts significantly exceeded the control. Seaweed extract is the prevalent treatment and significantly got over all the treatments. moringa and chitosan also recorded a higher weight of 100 berries comparing with the control. The increment percentages of such treatments were 33.10, 22.84 and 21.48% over the control, respectively. On the other side, the differences between the two years of study were not significant.
The given data revealed that, all the chemical treatments significantly surpassed the control. The best treatments in this respect were salicylic acid, amino acids and MC. The increment percentage of these treatments were 28.12, 26.30 and 22.95, respectively. The 1st year of study was significantly higher than the 2nd one.
The combined treatments mostly exceed the control. Turmeric extract + micronutrients, H2O2 + moringa and MC + seaweed recorded the highest weight of 100 berries. The increment percentage was 20.81, 19.89 and 15.45% more than the control, respectively. The 1st year of study significantly surpassed the 2nd one.
4-2-2) 100 berries juice weights:
Importantly, most of the treatments in the three experiments had not a significant effect on juice weight. Among the plant extracts treatments, fulvic acid (181.35 g) was the only treatment that significantly exceeded the control. Among the chemical compounds, salicylic acid (187.79 g) was the only significant treatments.
Respecting the combined treatments, there were no significant differences for all the treatments.
On the other side, the 1st year of study has a high significant effect comparing with the 2nd one for all the experiments.
5) Chemical constituents:
5-1) Acidity percentage (%):
Only moringa and fulvic acid recorded the lower acidity % comparing with the control while the rest of treatments had not a significant effect. The differences between the two years of study were not significant.
Concerning the chemical compounds, H2O2 and salicylic acid and then MC recorded the lowest acidity percentages with no significant differences between them while amino acids recorded the highest acidity percentage followed by GA3. The 2nd year of study significantly was higher than the 1st one.
Data revealed that turmeric extract + micronutrients, MC + seaweed and salicylic acid + aloe vera exhibited the lowest acidity % comparing with the other combined treatments. However, the control gave the highest percentage. The 2nd year of study also was higher than the 1st one.
5-2) Total soluble solids percentage (TSS%):
Data revealed that all the treatments in the three experiments had not a significant effect on the TSS%. On the other side, the results suggested that the 1st year of study significantly was higher than the 2nd one in all experiments.
5-3) TSS/acid ratio:
Moringa extract was only the treatment that significantly exceeded the control while the other natural plant extracts had not a significant effect on TSS/acid ratio.
H2O2 significantly surpassed the control. Although, micronutrients, salicylic acid and MC recorded TSS/acid ratio higher than the control but the differences were not significant.
Fulvic acid + moringa extract significantly exceeded the control. The rest of combined treatments were higher than the control but statistically had not a significant effect.
5-4) Reducing sugars %:
There were not a distinguish differences between the treatments in all experiments. On the other side, the 1st year of study significantly surpassed the 2nd one.
Conclusion:
The previous results of the current study suggested that spraying with salicylic acid at 5% recorded the best results concerning the productivity and quality parameters.
Natural plant extracts, e.g, chitosan at 2%, aloe vera at 5% and seaweed at 2% also produced better results in these respects. They also improved vegetative growth traits.
Accordingly, it could be recommended that to use salicylic acid at 5% or one of the previous superior plant extracts in order to gain the best results.