الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Overactive bladder is defined by ICS as urinary urgency associated with frequency and nocturia, with or without urinary incontinence, after exclusion of UTI or other obvious pathology. OAB is a common disease among different age groups of females but is more common in postmenopausal women with GSM. There are concerns on the significant negative effects of OAB on the emotional status, social life and quality of life of patients especially those with OAB wet type.
Hypoestrogenism is evidenced to be the most significant cause of OAB after ruling out UTI in postmenopausal women which is a consequence of estrogen level disturbance that lead to atrophic changes in the vulva, vagina, urethra and bladder tissue that may result in detrusor and urethral sphincter dysfunction. These changes may cause urological symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and loss of bladder control, which is defined as OAB.
International clinical practice guidelines recommend behavioral therapy as a first-line therapy in the management of OAB. Oral medications such as antimuscarinic agents and beta-adrenergic agents are considered second-line therapy if first-line therapy fails, but due to their side effects, many patients discontinue drugs.