الفهرس 
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Abstract
The major scope of this study was the fabrication and development of a substrate and polyamide rejection layer for an efficient thin-film hydrophilic composite forward osmosis membrane (TFC-FO) to evaluate the FO performance in agriculture waste treatment and desalination. The main factors in choosing a draw solute for the forward osmosis process are separation and recovery of the draw solute. Therefore, choosing Ammonium nitrate and urea fertilizers as draw solution eliminates the necessity for draw solute removal and recovery from the finished product; agricultural drainage water is used as feed solution. The forward osmosis process’s final product water is directly used in agriculture as nutrient-rich irrigation water. These fertilizers were tested based on their water extraction (water flux) capacity. Fabrication of a thin film nanocomposite forward osmosis membrane employing interfacial polymerization and modification of substrate characteristics using titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2) as an addition (TFNC-FO). characterizations of (TFC-FO) and (TFNC-FO) prepared membranes were determined. The morphology of the cross-section, upper and bottom surfaces for the TFC-FO and TFNC-FO membranes were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to examine the compositions of different elements for both membranes. The hydrophilicity of the prepared TFC -FO and (TFNC-FO) membranes was investigated using the measurement of the contact angle test. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer was used to observe the existing functional groups of the (TFC-FO) and (TFNC-FO) membranes. The thermal stability of the membrane was evaluated via thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The overall performance of TFC-FO membranes was evaluated with and without adding TiO2 nanoparticles through different parameters; membrane flux, initial feed concentration, draw solution concentrations, reverse solute fluxes, membranes permeabilities, and finally; the effect of FO Membrane orientations. FO membrane performance was successfully enhanced by adding different concentrations of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide from 0.5 to 1.5 wt %. The findings indicated that from 0.5 to 1 wt % leads to a clear increase in both the porosity and hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite substrate and consequently, an increase in the water flux. On the other side further increasing TiO2 nanoparticles loading to more than 1 % wt hurts the membrane performance. The results indicated that the water flow was higher when using ammonia nitrate as a draw solution. Also, raising the temperature of the draw solution increased the flow. But the flux was unchanged while the cross-flow was increased.