الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Marine biotechnology is defined as a multidisciplinary science that involves the application and engineering of marine organisms for products or services that benefit humanity (Parte et al., 2017). Over the last few decades, marine or blue biotechnology has attracted considerable interest (Zayed et al., 2019). Because 71% of the earth surface covered with water, so the earth is referred to as the Blue Planet, and at same time the marine biosphere is still not completely discovered (Prabha et al., 2020).Owing to the diverse conditions in which marine organisms live, these marine bioactive compounds are unmatched by their terrestrial equivalents, so marine organisms have evolved unique properties (Joseph and Augustine, 2020; Yang et al., 2022). For example, the mineral content of marine organisms is higher than that of minerals in terrestrial plants because animal products obtained from minerals of seawater (Balina et al., 2017). At same time, halogens have been introduced into chemical constituents of marine animals, because ocean water includes chloride, bromide and iodide (Akerkar et al., 2009). Also, because of the lack of physical defenses of certain marine species, marine organisms have also developed a wide variety of defensive chemicals to discourage predators (Thomas et al., 2010).