الفهرس 
Climate change risks, impacts, measures, actions and adaptation policies globally and in Egypt
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Abstract
Climate change is a worldwide known phenomenon that occurred in the recent decades and still occurring.It is resulting from burning fossil fuels and desertification. This action has adverse effects on the built environment and the related economic sectors whether directly and indirectly. Risks such as sea level rise and global warming resulted in high energy demands, water scarcity, food insecurity, human health deterioration and loss of ecosystems. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate and analyse climate change vulnerabilities and their reflection on the built environment, specifically the role of buildings{u2019} retrofitting and cities{u2019} upgrading in climate change adaptation (CCA). The thesis also examines global risks and explores the pathway between climate change, the built environment and the successful adaptation with an emphasis on developing countries such as Egypt.Moreover, it evaluates the performance of the local climate change adaptation projects. In addition, it simulates climate change scenarios by 2080 and it assesses the role of CCA techniques in Asmarat, a hot-arid urban area in Cairo