الفهرس 
Effect of exercises on the mechanical properties and bone architecture in adult osteopenic wister rats
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Abstract
Background: Osteopenia defined as less bone than normal when compared with most healthy people of the same age, height, weight, gender, and race. Osteopenia and osteoporosis negatively affecting older population quality of life especially females both physically and socially. Exercises as a therapeutic modality considered a lifelong activity used to prevent, treat and manage several diseases and health problems. Besides the beneficial effects of exercises, the key metabolic changes secondary to exercises remain largely unknown. Furthermore, the type, frequency, and intensity of the exercise necessary for acquiring and maintaining optimal health or improving the recovery from a disease also remain unclear. Objective: The purpose of the current study is two-fold: 1. To evaluate the response of adult osteopenic rats to different forms, weight-bearing and non weight-bearing, of exercises using histomorphometry and mechanical testing, 2. To quantify the architectural changes in terms histomorphometry parameters and mechanical changes regarding stress, and elastic modulus Methods: Fifty Wistar rats aged 12 weeks, (25 males and 25 females), (initial weight 123.2±24.4g) were tail suspended for 14 weeks to induce hindlimb bone osteopenia. At the end of suspension the rats divided into five groups (n = 10 in each group). group I: the control group in which the animals were dissected immediately after the end of suspension. group II: sedentary group in which the animals remains without treatment with free cage movements for six weeks. group III: Jumping exercise group in which the animals jump ten times per days, 5 days per week for six weeks. group IV: Swimming group in which the animals swim for 30 min/day, 5 days per week for six weeks. group V: Treadmill running exercise group in which the animals were run on a treadmill for 30 min/day, 5 days per week for six weeks. At the end of experiment, hind limb bones were dissected and right femur was used for compressive mechanical testing and left femur, right, and left tibia used for histomorphometry testing of the current study is that the effect of exercise was type, and site dependent