الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Energy consumption is escalating day by day because of the rising population and rapid economic growth rate. Extensive use of petroleum-based fuels results in emissions of highly complex mixtures, which cause a potential impact on human health and environmental pollution to global warming and a decrease in energy reserve. Biodiesel has been one of the main alternative energy resources to substitute petroleum-based fuel, owing to its attractive properties such as emissions reduction, sustainability, and renewability. So, this study aims to investigate an innovative technology for biodiesel production, High Voltage Technic combined with electrical heating (HVTEH), and purify the product of biodiesel using dry wash systems. And evaluate the properties of produced biodiesel by testing it on the engine under different ratios of 60%, 70% and 80% by adding 5% gasoline and 3% turpentine oil.The experiments were carried out with the cooperation between the Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural, Mansoura University and the Tractor Test Station Department of Forces and Energy, Sabahia, Alexandria. The experiments are conducted from April 2021until August 2022, with the cooperation between the Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural, Mansoura University and Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.The main steps to fulfill the requirements of this aim including:-Description of the developed Biodiesel device 1-Unit for mixing chemical materials 2-Unit for filtration oil 3-Unit for glycerin separation by High Voltage Technic combined with electrical heating (HVTEH) 5- Electric heater 6-High voltage unit to separating biodiesel 7-Electric motor Biodiesel was produced from used cooking oil (UCO) by a transesterification system. The UCO heating at 60 °C and mixing it with methanol in a volume ratio of (methyl alcohol to oil) 1: 5 presence of a catalyst (potassium hydroxide). Then use innovative technology of High Voltage Technic combined with electrical heating (HVTEH) is investigated. The impurities in the biodiesel (methanol-water content - glycerol - soap content) were measured before and after the biodiesel purification process. The purification was conducted under three dry washing materials firstly; is date palm fiber, secondly; is burlap and finally; is felt. The results were compared by sing the American standard specifications. The efficiency of the different purification materials under regulated the discharge and pressure of the purification filter was identified. Also, measuring the physical properties of petroleum diesel (B0), biodiesel 100% (B100), and biodiesel blended with diesel of 60% (B60), 70% (B70), and 80% (B80) and the biodiesel blend effect on the engine performance and emission profile. The results during determining the amount of glycerol separating from biodiesel using new technology High Voltage Technic combined with electrical heating (HVTEH) revealed that: 1-The glycerol separation time increased by increasing distance between electrode and quantity of sample. On the other hand, the maximum amount of glycerol’s separation was 650 and 4600 mL for 5.0 and 35.0L of sample quantity, respectively at a separation voltage of 5.0 k. This amount of glycerol achieved about 13.0% as a percentage relative to the amount of sample.2-Increasing the distance between electrodes by about 2.0 times (from 25to 50mm), the amount of glycerol separated per unit time decreased by around 39.98% (from 2.166 mL/s at25mm to 1.3mL/s at 50mm distance between electrodes). This relation decreased to 57.52% (from 2.166mL/s to 0.92mL/s) by increasing the distance between the electrodes by 3.0 times from the first one.3- The rate of glycerol separating proportional increases by increasing the separating voltage from 5.0 kV to 10 kV, from 10 kV to 20 kV, and from 20 kV to 30 kV, respectively. Consequently, the requirement of separating time decreases. At the span 25mm between the electrode, the AQSG decreased by about 60% and 33% by increasing the separating voltage two times (from 5kVto 30 kV) at 5.0 and 35.0 L, espectively.4-The amounts of glycerol separation (AQG mL) decreased by about 24% and 23% for the separating simple of 5.0 and 35.0 L, respectively under 50 mm distance between electrodes. Whereas, the AQG decreased by about 17.14% and 17.65% by increasing the separating voltage from 5.0 kV to 30 kV under 75mm distance between electrodes.5-The use of the copper electrode proved its effectiveness in accelerating the glycerol separation time after graphite and iron. But graphite outperformed them because it does not form chemical oxides on the electrode, which in turn reduces the efficiency of any metal electrode.6-The study showed that the purification of biodiesel with Date palm fiber (dry washing) is more efficient in removing both methanol (94.56%) and water content (94.9%) and soap content (91.14%) than other purification materials (Burlap and Felt), while all of the purified materials in case of glycerol have similar efficiency.7-The quantity of impurities decreased when using low discharge (2.38 L/min) and low pressure (0.2 bar), as well as the second filter, is more effective than using one filter.8-The chemical and physical properties of biodiesel blended in percentages of volume (60%, 70%, and 80%) with petroleum diesel have nearly similar values with petroleum diesel in the case of density and Cetane number. While the values of the biodiesel mixture in the case of calorific value and viscosity had higher values than petroleum diesel and the values of the biodiesel mixture in the case of flash point had lower values than petroleum diesel. 9- Specific fuel consumption for B80 increased by about 4.8% compared to diesel fuel but for B60 increased by about 3.85%. Thermal efficiency for B60 and B80 decreased by up to 12.9% compared to diesel fuel, but at B70 recorded 9.7%. Exhaust gas temperature decreased at using B80 by about 1.84% compared to diesel fuel. While using B60 and B70 exhaust gas temperature increased by up to 3.29% and 2.47%, respectively. Volumetric efficiency decreased for B60, B70, and B80 at the same ratio of about 2%. The air-fuel ratio of B60, B70, and B80 decreased to about 5.3%. The above results depict that B80 gives better engine performance.10-Comparison of diesel engine exhaust emissions fuelled with B60 and B70, and B80 at 100% of engine load compared with the results for diesel fuel. CO2 emission for B70 decreased by up to 2.67% compared to diesel fuel. But for B80, the CO2 emission decreased to 0.63%, and for B60, it increased to 16%. The CO emission decreased for B70 by about 12.67% and for B80 by up to 11.33% and for B60 by up to 6%. The NOx emission for B60 decreased to 5.41% in comparison with diesel fuel but for B80 by up to 2.77% and for B70 by up to 1.58%. The HC emission decreased for B80 by about 20% and for B70 by up to 16% but for B60, it was increased by up to 4%. The smoke emission for B80 decreased up to 37.5% compared to diesel fuel and decreased for B70 by up to 37.3% but for B60 it is increased to 49.6%. It is seen that the overall engine emissions were better for B80.5.2 CONCLUSSION 1-The results indicated that using a new technology High Voltage Technic combined with electrical heating (HVTEH) affecting the time required for separation process. Also, distance between electrode and voltage are a significant factors reducing the separation glycerol time, using this technic compared to gravity method due separation process in a period less than a minutes. 2-Results of using various distance between electrodes (25, 50 and 75mm) under different voltage (5.0, 10.0, 20 and 30 kV) proved that distance between electrode 25mm and high voltage (30kV) intensity has most effective reducing the glycerin separation time.3-The method of biodiesel purification using date palm fiber (dry washing) is more efficient during sanitization methanol and water content and soap content than the other two purification materials. In the meantime, all the purification methods have similar efficiency in getting rid of glycerol. 4-The chemical and physical properties of biodiesel blended in percentages of volume (60%, 70%, and 80%) with petroleum diesel have nearly similar values with petroleum diesel in the case of density and Cetane number. But the calorific values and viscosity of the biodiesel mixture had higher values than petroleum diesel. The biodiesel mixture values in the case of flash point had lower values than petroleum diesel. 5-The blended ratio of B80 with petroleum diesel led to a limited reduction for each of; the emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide gases, the exhaust gas temperature, HC & smoke, and NOx. But, the specific fuel consumption increased at all the different ratios.