الفهرس 
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Abstract
The photovoltaic (PV) power generation is an attractive renewable energy option, which does not involve moving parts and can be implement with a mineral operation and maintenance effort. The common problem which contribute to the reduction in the PV energy conversion efficiency and subsequently records a low overall performance are surface temperature and dust decomposition. The purpose of this thesis is to study the effects of surface temperature cooling in order to optimize the performance of the PV panels.
In this study, The effects of cooling by a thin continuous film of tap water, distilled water with different flow rates and nanofluid with flow rate 0.95 lit/min with three concentrations 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05% running on the front of the PV module on the performance of photovoltaic system were compared. The advantages of this cooling system, in addition to decreasing the temperature of the PV modules, are obtaining better electrical power than that in case of distilled water case, due to decreasing the reflection loss, cleaning the PV solar cell from dust, reduce the cost of maintenance and increasing the life cycle.
Bio-based nanofluids are beginning to gain research focus because of their low toxicity and availability of the bio-precursors used. They are sourced from nature and are environmentally friendly. Recent research has proven that plant and fruits parts after being synthesized can be dispersed in base fluids to produce nanofluids with enhanced thermo-physical properties. In this study, a low cost agricultural plant, chicory ash, as a source to the synthesis of nanofluids.
Data obtained from the elemental composition analysis of chicory extract revealed that, the presence of 23 elements. The major detected elements are Sodium) Na(, potassium )K(, Calcium )Ca(, Magnesium) Mg( and Aluminum )Al( (159.59, 19.29, 8.68, 6.88, 3.11) ppm respectively. The formation of potassium chloride nanoparticles was confirmed by (XRD) with average crystallite size 20 nm, which is in agreement with (TEM) analysis. (SEM) analysis shows the aspheric potassium chloride and other minerals nanoparticles. The potassium chloride and other elements nanoparticles used to improve the performance of photovoltaic solar cell.
The comparison has been made between the output from the PV modules with and without using the cooling system. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained. The experiment were conducted for different flow rate of tap water, namely 0.275, 0.5, 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85. The maximum power improvement of PV module cooling using tap water as a base fluid is 10.45% which is achieved at flow rate 0.65 lit /min. On the other hand, the experiment was carried out using distilled water as a base fluid with the same flow rates used in case of tap water. The maximum power improvement of cooled PV module using distilled water is 7.94% at flow rate 0.95 lit /min. The experiment was repeated using distilled water with chicory extract ash with three concentrations 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05%. The results were compared with that of distilled water, and indicated that, the maximum power improvement of PV module was 8.816% at the concentration of 0.05% for flow rate 0.95 lit/min.