الفهرس 
Difference EquationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In many problems it is meaningless not to have dependence on the past. Time
delays occur so often, in almost every situation, that to ignore them is to
ignore reality [41]. Dynamical systems with time delay have been attracting
the attention of researchers of many elds, see [55, 58, 71, 33, 59, 17, 9, 46,
44, 57]. One of the principal mathematical instruments of modern nonlinear
dynamics is the di erence equation with continuous argument given in the
form
x(t) = f(x(t 1)); t 2 [0; T]: (1)
The rst eld of applications of these equations is delay di erential equa-
tions theory. The second point of application is partial di erential equations
theory. There are many classes of problems for partial di erential equations
that can be reduced directly to continuous time di erence equations. Lastly,
di erence equations with continuous argument are suitable for simulating
such phenomena as fractal structures, cascade process of emergence of co-
herent structures[63].
I.