الفهرس 
Title : Assessment of hygienic standards of water used in cattle farms in Egypt associated emerging epidemics
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Abstract
Bad quality drinking water and faulty distribution system play a detrimental role on calf and adult cattle health, production and reproduction, giving chance for increasing rate of emerging health disorders and resulting in high rate of morbidity and mortalities in adult and calves. The present study aimed to evaluate rate of emerging health disorders, different health and reproductive indicators, production and growth performance, calf health in relation to drinking water quality and water distribution system in dairy and beef cattle farms. Also, to determine drinking water bacterial profile and evaluate commonly used disinfectants against isolated chlorine resistant strains. Structured questionnaire is used to survey a convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle farms suffering emerging health disorders to identify different risk factors and hygienic standards which may affect calf and adult cattle health, production and reproduction. One hundred and thirty-two, 132 water samples were collected for physicochemical and bacterial analysis, obtaining water bacterial profile, testing bacterial resistance to chlorine and detection of qacE resistance gene in the isolated chlorine-resistant E. coli strains. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the level of association between each water quality parameters along distribution system with number of emerging health disorders, adult cattle health and reproductive indicators, performance indicators and causes of calf mortality, also, finding the association between water bacterial profile and presence of chlorine resistant strains in each farm with the used disinfection, disinfectants types and rate of use