الفهرس 
Title : The possible hepatoprotective effect of alogliptin compared to the standard silymarin in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
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Abstract
Introduction and aim: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that happens as a consequence of liver injury and/or toxicity. Paracetamol (APAP) is a known analgesic drug which causes, in high doses, a hepatic injury. Alogliptin (ALO), with its 100% oral bioavailability, may be able to reverse the acute hepatic injury and memory impairments. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups as follows; Normal control Group, APAP intoxicated group, ALO and SIL groups. Behavioral tests (Morris water maze, Y-maze spontaneous alteration, and novel object recognition test) were performed together with evaluating HE score. Neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine), as well as acetylcholinesterase activity, were determined in the hippocampus. Also, hepatotoxicity markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and ammonia) were measured in blood. Additionally, transforming growth factor beta 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, cytochrome c, granzyme B and caspase-3, coiled-coil Moesin-like BCL-interacting protein 1 2beclin 13, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein, protein 53, TNF-Ü related apoptosis-inducing ligand, Fas-ligand and alpha-smooth muscle actin were measured in liver homogenate. Moreover, the histopathological investigation was performed. Results: APAP was able to disturb neurotransmitters which were mirrored in the performance of rats in the behavioral test. Most hepatotoxicity, apoptosis and inflammation indicators were elevated after APAP administration, while beclin-1 autophagy marker was declined