الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two field experiments during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 were carried out to study the
effect of supplementary irrigation and planting distance on Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
cv. Nat. oil 1 yield, yield components, seed quality and water use efficiency using saline water in
the arid land.
The soil was calcareous at the Experimental Farm of City of Scientific Researches and
Technological Application in Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
The main objectives of this study were:
1- Introducing quinoa as newly food crop to be cultivated in marginal lands, since; the crop
is drought, salinity tolerant and can grow in the sandy soil of arid and semiarid regions
and with other most harmful abiotic adverse factors that affect crop production.
2- Quinoa will help in the self-sufficiency of food in Egypt since the greatest threat to the
survival of humanity is the ever-increasing gap between population growth and food
supply.
3- To study the effect of the supplementary irrigation and planting distance on Quinoa yield
in Egypt.
4- Quinoa would provide bread and other seed products for Bedouins who inhabit deserts,
where quinoa is a highly nutritious food crop, with an outstanding protein quality and a high
content of a range of vitamins and essential minerals.
5- To try to solve the problem of water scarcity in Egypt and use the underground water to
irrigate the crop.
6- Quinoa has enormous potential in the food industry being gluten-free and highly
nutritious.
The experime