الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Among the serious pathogens is Nosema spp. Nosemosis is one of the fatal, most devastating, and widespread disease of adult bees caused by unicellular fungi belonging to the class: Microsporidia, family: Nosimatidi, gender: Nosema. There are two different sub-species of Nosema that affect Apis mellifera with different prevalence depending on the area: Nosema apis (N. apsi) and Nosema ceranae (N. ceranae), responsible for two different forms of the disease. Both N. apis and N. ceranae have a dormant stage, a long-lived spore. The infection can be transmitted to adult bee members from nurse bees or by spores remaining in the feces of sick bees. All adult bee members; worker bees, drones, and queens are susceptible to infection.
The present study was launched bearing in mind the following objectives:
1. Surveying the infection level of some honey bee diseases and pests in some apiaries of El-Behaira and Alexandria Governorates, Egypt, their diagnosis and their control methods that have been used by the local beekeepers. And conducting comparison studies among eight districts to know the prevalent serious pathogens and fatal, most devastating, and widespread disease of adult bees along the subsequent seasons of 2018 and 2019.
2. Studying the effect of tested Plant natural products and pharmaceutical drugs in controlling Nosema disease since it is the causative of the most contagious and diffusive disease infecting the Egyptian apiaries and finding some new suggested safe treatments for the control of Nosema that can be used as a single treatment or combined.
3. Study the efficacy of adding apple cider vinegar and lactic acid on the viability and productivity of honey bees
4. Studying the effect of the electromagnetic field on the vitality and activity of honeybee.