الفهرس 
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Abstract
Phasor measurement unit (PMU) is considered as one of the most important devices in modern power systems. It provides phasor measurements (magnitude and phase angle) which are used in real time applications of electrical power systems. The major drawback of a PMU is its high cost so if PMUs are used to collect and send online real data from a system to a data center or a decision maker, the number of used PMUs should be minimum with full observability of the power system measurements. In this thesis, a modern optimization method called a Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) is used to solve the problem of optimal PMUs placement (OPP). The optimization objectives of the work are to minimize the number of PMUs needed for achieving full observability of the power systems as well as maximizing measurement redundancy at different test cases. To reduce the number of PMUs required to achieve full observability of power system, the effect of the existence of zero-injection buses (ZIBs) is considered. Furthermore, additional constraints for remaining system full observable following failure of a single PMU and a single line outage are also concluded to increase the reliability of the system. The performance, robustness and efficiency of the proposed optimization method is tested on IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 57-bus, IEEE 118-bus test systems and New England 39-bus system. The obtained simulation results are compared with those of other optimization algorithms. The comparison between results approve the ability of the proposed optimization method to solve the optimal PMUs placement problem in different cases with achieving full observability and reliability of electric power systems. Then the proposed method is used to solve OPP for local case studies which are Canal Network (CN) 49-bus and Western Delta Network (WDN) 52-bus at Egypt.