الفهرس 
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Abstract
Calcium deficiency is a common disorder that can vary in severity from being mild and asymptomatic to a highly life-threatening. Calcium deficiency, which is an example of secondary osteoporosis, can lead to continuous bone loss in males and females. Therefore, several approaches are made for the treatment of osteoporosis including the use of stem cells. However, due to the limitations of stem cells usage, it was found that the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells depends on the paracrine action of its released factors, including exosomes. Exosomes are specific subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells and have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication as they participate in a diverse range of physiological processes.
Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the biological effect of one marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes on the structure of alveolar bone in rats with induced calcium deficiency.
Materials and methods: Thirty adult male albino rats weighing 200-250 grams (approximately six months of age) were divided into 3 groups: group I (control group), group II (calcium deficiency group) and group III (exosomes treated group). Rats in group II and III were injected by methylprednisolone (40 mg/kg) intramuscular 3 times per week for three weeks (to induce calcium deficiency). Afterwards, Rats in group II received a single vehicle injection while each rat in group III received a single exosome injection (400μg/kg suspended in 0.2 ml PBS) in the tail vein. Rats were euthanized 1 month after injection. Mandibles were dissected and prepared for histological preparation, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX).
Results: Specimens of group II (calcium deficiency) showed alveolar bone loss and bone resorption while group III (Exosomes group) alveolar bone showed restoration of the normal bone architecture. EDX showed that calcium percentage in group II was lower than the exosomes treated group.
Conclusion: Exosomes can be a new treatment modality in the treatment of bone diseases and in bone regeneration.
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