الفهرس 
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Abstract
In recent years , genetically modified (GM) crops with the aim of producing food and feed has become part of the regular agriculture in many regions of the world . Whether GM food and feed have good or adverse effects on humans or animals is still not clear . Therefore , the present study includes investigation of the effects of different diets containing genetic modified food (GMF) was carried out on functions of some endocrine glands. Male and female Wister albino rats 70-80 gm range body weight were used in the present study. Each sex was divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 per group ). Control group fed on the basal diet American Institute of Nutrition for growth (AIN93 G) and three treated groups given GM (corn , wheat and rice) and water ad libitum for three months .
At the end of the experimental period, the effect of GMF on fertility for male rats : serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in GM (corn and wheat ) groups showed no significant change . While, FSH level in GM rice group showed significant increase . But, luteinizing hormone (LH) level increased significantly in the three groups. On the other hand, serum levels of estrogen (E2) increased significantly in GM (corn and rice) groups . While, E2 level showed no significance in GM wheat group . Testosterone level decreased significantly in all groups . Right testis and epididymis weights showed significant increase in all groups.
Left cauda sperm count in GM (corn and wheat) groups decreased significanly and showed slight decrease in GM rice group .There were significant decrease in rapid progressive motility in all groups . While , slow or sluggish motility increased significanly in GM corn group and showed no significant effect in both GM (wheat and rice) groups. Immotility increased significanly in the three groups.
GMF increased sperm morphological abnormalities including (headless , flattened hook or banana head, bent neck or coiled neck, pin head, coiled or folded tail, double head and double tail ) in all groups .
Histological study of testis showed congestion in blood vessels inbetween seminiferous tubules in GM corn group. While , GM wheat group showed seminiferous tubules contain numerous exfoliated degenerative germ cells with reduced sperm density. Also, GM rice group showed seminiferous tubules which contain numerous exfoliated degenerative germ cells with obvious tubular vacuoles.
As for female rats: serum FSH showed significant decrease in all groups . But, LH level increased significantly in GM (corn and rice ) groups . While , showed slight decrease in GM wheat group. On the other hand, serum level of E2 decreased significantly in GM corn group and showed slight decrease in GM wheat group. But increased significantly in GM rice group. Testosterone level showed highly significant increase in GM (corn and rice) groups . But showed slight decrease GM wheat group. While, right ovary and uterus weights increased significantly in all groups .
Histological structure of ovary showed congestion in blood vessels between the interstitial stromal cells and massive number of corpus luteum and decreased number of follicles in GM corn group . Also, in GM rice showed massive number of corpus luteum and slight decrease in follicles numbers. But , in GM wheat group showed decrease in follicles number with formation of cystic follicle and congestion in blood vessels compared to control group .
Uterus histology of GM corn group showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the glandular lining epithelial cells in lamina propria of the mucosal layer . But, GM wheat group showed fibroblastic cells proliferation in between the uterine glands in the lamina propria of the mucosal layer. However , GM rice group showed massive number of eosinophils infiltration was detected in the lamina propria of the mucosal layer (endometriosis). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) showed significant decrease in all groups . Free T3 and free T4 showed significant increase in GM corn and wheat groups showed no significant change in GM rice group . Total T3 showed significant increase in GM corn and wheat for both sexes , but decreased in GM rice of males and females .Total T4 showed no significant change in GM corn and showed significant increase in GM wheat and decreased in GM rice for both sexes. Thyroid gland weight showed significant increase in all groups.
Histological structure of thyroid gland of GM corn and wheat groups showed cuboidal cylindrical thyroid follicles cells with obvious vacuolar appearance of colloid. GM rice group showed predominantly hyperplasia thyroid follicles characterized by cuboid cylindrical follicular cells with stripes and vacuolar appearance of colloid .
Growth hormone (GH) level showed significant decrease in all groups . On the other hand , in male and female rats body weight showed significant increase in all groups .
Cortisol hormone increased significantly in all groups of male rats , also in GM rice group of female rats . But GM (corn and wheat) groups showed slight increase .
Adrenal gland histology showed the normal histological structure of all groups.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) level showed significant decrease in all groups . Also total calcium (Ca) level showed significant decrease in all groups.
Insulin hormone showed significant decrease in all groups. On the other hand , glucose level showed significant increase in all groups .
Serum total protein showed no significant change in male rats of all groups and in GM corn group of female rats . But GM wheat and rice groups showed significant increase in females.
For both sexes serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), risk ratio I and risk ratio II showed significant increase in all groups. On the other hand, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) showed significant decrease in all groups.