الفهرس 
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to the public health and a main cause of morbidity and
mortality for centuries [1]. It is believed to be one of the most infectious and fatal diseases
caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) [2]. TB typically attacks the lungs but
can also affect other parts of the body. It spreads through the air when people having an
active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise air transmitted through respiratory fluids
[3]. After decades of decline, there has been a continuous rise in new TB cases mostly in
developing countries [4]. The TB situation may become even worse with the emergence of
multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) that does not respond to at least isoniazid and
rifampicin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs [5]. In some cases, even more severe drugresistant
TB may develop. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), is a form of
multidrug-resistant TB with additional resistance to more anti-TB medications.