الفهرس 
Task oriented training for selected upper motor neuron lesions
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Abstract
Background: Upper motor neuron lesions (UMNLs) can arise from various injuries to the brain or spinal cord.Three lesions were selected to be the topic of this review: multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Aims: To assess the best evidence on the effectiveness of task oriented training (TOT) for improving upper limb (UL) functions for adult patients with these UMNLs. Methods: This systematic review was performed by searching literature using the PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) databases in addition to the manual search. The quality assessment was done by two independent reviewers using PEDro scale and disagreements were resolved by the opinion of another reviewer. Data of eligible studies were documented in forms and grouped into subgroups according to types of UMNLs and MS trials were subgrouped according to the used UL function measures, there was no need for further subgrouping for other trials. Random effect model and standardized mean differences were used for meta-analyses. Results: The search identified 17,572 records, of which seven reports were eligible (TBI reports were not eligible). Quality appraisal revealed that five reports had good quality (> 6 on PEDro scale). Five meta-analyses were carried out and revealed non-significant effect between stand-alone TOT and other treatments