الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Since the dawn of human civilization, masonry has been used to construct all types of
buildings, bridges, roadways and other engineering works. Confined masonry (CM) is
considered one of the popular forms of low-cost, low-rise construction throughout the
world. Confined masonry consists of no reinforced masonry walls surrounded by
concrete tie-columns, in the vertical direction, and tie-beams, in the horizontal
direction. In some countries confined masonry walls may include joint reinforcement.
The behavior of constrained masonry structures under cyclic lateral loads was
investigated in an experimental research. This text presents the results of lateral cyclic
loading tests conducted on two-story confined masonry building using local materials
and standards in consideration. Three confined masonry buildings with a two-story
building half-scale were built, consisting of a clay masonry panel, confining columns,
tie beams, and R.C.slabs. The assemblies were tested under its vertical self-weight
and lateral reversed cyclic loading with a displacement controlled loading protocol up
to failure. The assembly walls have different perforations (solid / windows / doors) to
investigate perforation effect on the in-plane and out-of-plan performance. With
increasing displacement, lateral cyclic loads were applied to the model. Crack pattern,
failure mechanism, lateral capacity, energy dissipation, ductility, and overall
structural performance were all evaluated. Out of plane walls provided additional
restrictions for wall movements and increased structural performance, while masonry
infill walls provided significant strength and ductility. The findings show that
confined masonry structures constructed to the standard will withstand the design
lateral loads successfully. As part of a research effort aimed at producing a
structurally and economically effective hybrid construction system for developing
countries in general, and Egypt specifically. The lateral load behavior of retrofitted
confined masonry walls utilizing a low cast ferrocement system planned and
manufactured using locally accessible materials and standard craftsmanship and
construction procedures is the subject of this research. In addition to a Retrofitted
assembly using external layer of ferrocement. Key experimental results showed that
the proposed upgrading technique improved the lateral resistance of the confined
assembly by about (61% - 95%) and increasing ductility and total energy absorbed by
27%. The max. Lateral drift at failure was reduced by about (23% - 31%) however the
corresponding load for first visible crack was increased by (150% -175%). Additionally, for retrofitted assembly walls (all sides specially the perforated sides),
collapse was significantly delayed by maintaining the wall integrity under large cyclic
lateral loads. A good agreement was found by comparing deformed shapes, crack
patterns and capacity curves of finite element models included in this study. Also the
goal of this research was to use a numerical analysis method using ANSYS software
package to evaluate the impact of confining elements such as tie-columns, in-plan
walls, and out-plan walls on resisting horizontal lateral loads. Finally, results and
conclusions were provided from different finite element analysis models of confined
masonry buildings with various confining element configurations.