الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 105 |  |  |
| | | from | 105 | | |
Abstract
Legume seeds have gained attention as functional foods because of their nutritional richness. The guar bean is a legume and a tropical African and Asian plant of the Fabaceae family. It is a well-known traditional medicinal plant. Saponin and flavonoids are a few of the key minerals and phytochemicals found in it.
The goal of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of guar seeds methanolic extract (GSME), guar seeds oil (GSO), guar gum (GG), and guar saponin (GSP).
The search steps are as follows:
1- Preparation of various guar seed extracts (GSME, GSO, GG, GSP).
2- Determination of phytochemical content in the guar seeds methanolic extract.
3- Estimation of the physicochemical properties of guar seed oil.
4- Evaluation the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of four guar seed extracts (GSME, GSO, GG, GSP).
5- Assessment the antibacterial and antifungal activities of four guar seed extracts (GSME, GSO, GG, GSP) against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as plant pathogenic fungi.
6- Assessment of the anticancer activity of four guar seed extracts (GSME, GSO, GG, GSP) against huh-7 liver cancer cells.
The most important results are summarized as follows:
1- The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content were 3.55±0.28, 0.85±0.02 and 0.78±0.03 in the guar seeds methanolic extract respectively.
2- The physiochemical properties of guar seed oil indicated that the oil can be stored for a long time.
3- The guar saponin (GSP) has the highest scavenging activity against H2O2 (65.00% ±2.96) followed by guar gum (GG) (50.00% ±1.73).
4- The guar saponin (GSP) and guar gum (GG) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in the same pattern as scavenging hydrogen peroxide, with inhibition percent of albumin denaturation of (83.33% ±1.92 and 66.66% ±2.11)
5- The guar seed methanolic extract (GSME) has the highest antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Whereas, the guar seed saponin (GSP) was shown to have the most antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis according to the results obtained by agar well diffusion method.
6- According to the MIC results, GSME, GG and GSP are more toxic for Bacillus subtilis than the GSO. Whereases, the GSP is less toxic for Pseudomonas fluorescens than GSME, GSO and GG.
7- The guar gum (GG) has the highest antifungal activity (15.35±0.77mm) against Penicillium expansum. Whereases, guar seed methanolic extract exhibited the strongest antifungal activity (15.67±0.88 mm) against Rhizoctonia solani compared to the other guar extracts according to the results obtained by the disc diffusion method.
8- When the fungal isolates were incubated with guar saponin (GSP) and guar gum (GG) for 7 days, the highest reduction in colony diameter was shown in Penicillium expansum (30.77%) and Rhizoctonia solani (27.28%) compared to the control.
9- The highest reduction in the specific growth rates of Penicillium expansum and Rhizoctonia solani was achieved after 96 and 168 hours of incubation with guar saponin (GSP) and guar gum (GG), by 66.67 and 50.00%, respectively.
10- After 24 hours of incubation with different guar seed extracts, the maximum percentage of inhibition in Penicillium expansum mycelium growth caused by guar gum (GG) and recorded as 65.37%., whereas, the maximum percentage of inhibition in Rhizoctonia solani mycelium growth caused by the guar seed oil (GSO) and guar gum (GG) and was found to be 61.51 %.
11- The guar seed methanolic extract (GSME) elicited the most detrimental action against Penicillium expansum, with percentages of fungal spore germination of 1, 5, 7, and 10% after 2, 4, 6, and 8 hour of incubation, respectively, whereas the guar saponin (GSP), had the most detrimental effect on Rhizoctonia solani, with percentages of fungal spore germination of 2, 4, 8, 15 after 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours of incubation, respectively.
12- After 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours of incubation, guar seed methanolic extract (GSME) caused the strongest percentage inhibition of spore germination in Penicillium expansum, with percent inhibition of spore germination 90.00, 66.66, 65.00, and 60%, respectively, whereas, the guar saponin (GSP) exhibited the strongest percentage inhibition of spore germination in Rhizoctonia solani, with inhibition percent of spore germination of 86.66, 80.00, 68.00, and 50%, after 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours of incubation respectively.
13- The lowest percentage of huh-7 cell growth was observed (87.87 %) at a concentration of 100 µg/ml of GSP, while the highest percentage of huh-7 cell growth was found (99.03 %) at a concentration of 0.01 µg/ml of GSO.
14- The strongest inhibition percentage of huh-7 cells (12.13 %) was recorded at a concentration of 100 µg/ml of GSP.
15- All guar seed extracts had IC50 values against huh-7 greater than 100 µg/ml.
16- GG-exposed huh-7 cells at concentrations of 0.1, 1.00, 10, and 100 µg/ml lost their polygonal form, had a poorly defined nucleus, cytoplasmic vesicles and a damaged cell membrane with leaky cell contents suggesting necrotic cell death.
17- Additionally, GSP treatment of huh-7 cells at various doses (0.01, 0.1, 1.00, 10, and 100 µg/ml) resulted in cytoplasm and chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage with a damaged membrane, fragmentation, and the appearance of apoptotic bodies. The most severe changes in cellular structures were caused by 100 µg/ml GSP administration, including cell shrinkage and a ruptured membrane, indicating apoptotic cell death.
In conclusion, the current study examined the biological properties of several guar seed extracts as antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer agents. Several guar seed extracts were found to be toxic to bacteria, fungi, and huh-7 cells. The various extracts had a toxic effect on various bacterial strains. GSME and GSP were shown to be the most toxic extracts against fungal isolates. Furthermore, at a dosage of 100 µg/ml, guar seed saponin (GSP) was shown to be the most cytotoxic to huh-7 cells. Therefore, this study recommends using the studied guar seed extracts as anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agents.