الفهرس 
Acknowledgements
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Abstract
Nowadays, solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy resources, which is the first choice for many countries and societiesConverting solar energy into electrical energy is done through solar cellsAlthough the first generation of solar cells based on silicon wafers is considered as the most efficient typebut due to the high cost of its technology, researchers tended to find an alternative resource through the second generation of solar cells, which is characterized by high efficiency comparable with the first generation and a very low cost of fabrication.