الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Drinking water is one of the most important requirements for improving public health. The quality and safety of drinking water remain as an important public health issue. Egypt is the downstream country on the Nile River. Similar to Egypt location, Alexandria Governorate locates at the end of Nile river branches. It receives fresh surface water from the Rosetta Branch, El-Rayah El-Bheiry and El-Rayah El-Nasery through El-Mahmoudia and El-Noubaria canals.
One of water quality indicators is ammonia which exhibits undesirable environmental and health effects when present in water for potable supply. Ammonia removal from water can be carried out using one of the following methods; ion exchange, chlorination, ozonation, biological treatment and air stripping technique.
In this study air stripping technique was applied to remove ammonia from raw water intake at El-Siouf Water treatment plant (2018/2019). The aim of this study was focusing on:
• The optimum conditions required for high ammonia removal efficiency from surface raw water intake at El-Siouf WPP using air-stripping technique.
• The effect of air stripping technique on water quality such as temperature, pH, EC, the concentration of anions i.e. chlorides, sulfates and nitrates, cations such as sodium, potassium and calcium, in addition to TDS, hardness, and ammonia.
• Calculating the cost of removal of ammonia from drinking water by Air Stripping Techniques per M3 for AWCO water treatment plant.
In this technique the raw water intake at El-Siouf Water treatment plants from El-Mahmoudia canal has been increased to 11 using an alkali with low cost to convert ammonium hydroxide ions to ammonia gas then strip it out using compressed air through air diffusers with optimum volume, aeration rate and time, then the pH of water was decreased to meet the standard Egyptians limits for drinking water
The preliminary experiments resulted in the optimum conditions required for ammonia removal from surface raw water intake at El-Siouf WPP using air-stripping technique. These conditions were pH 11, aeration time 40 minutes, aeration rate 20 l /min, sample volume (1L), the volume of NaOH used to increase pH to 11 was 2.7ml, and the volume of H2SO4 to decrease pH to 7 was 3.2ml. The effect of air stripping technique on the raw water sample, Alexandria 2018/2019 didn’t exceed the standard Egyptians limits for drinking water (458/2007).
Furthermore, the cost of removal ammonia from drinking water by Air Stripping Technique per M3 for El-Siouf WPP intake was calculated based on the data obtained from the experimental work and AWCO records to be 39.64 LE/m3.
Although the air stripping technique for removing ammonia is considered a simple process, the cost of treating 1 m3 of raw water intake of El-Siouf WPP from El-Mahmoudia canal is considered a high cost.
Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the cost of protecting the Nile River from pollution is cheaper than treating the raw water from ammonia by air stripping technique.
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following can be concluded:
• El-Mahmoudia canal which supply El-Siouf water treatment plant with raw water receive some polluted water during December, January, and February every year (Esada Eshetwyya) from some agricultural drains, and ammonia concentration increases which exhibits undesirable environmental and health effects when present in water for potable supply.
• The success of the ammonia stripping process is greatly dependent on pH, aeration rate, aeration time, and sample volume. As such, the selection of optimized operating parameters is necessary for the ammonia stripper to achieve higher efficiency.
• The optimum conditions required for ammonia removal from surface raw water intake at El-Siouf WPP using the air-stripping technique were pH 11, aeration time 40 minutes, aeration rate 20 l /min, sample volume (1L), the volume of NaOH used to increase pH to 11 was 2.7ml, and the volume of H2SO4 to decrease pH to 7 was 3.2ml with ammonia removal of 76.17%.
• Ammonia stripping technique for raw water intake of El-Siouf WPP from El-Mahmoudia canal doesn’t affect the water quality standard Egyptians limits for drinking water.
• Full cost analysis per 1m3calculated for raw water intake of El-Siouf WPP from El-Mahmoudia canel is analyzed and it is found= 39.64LE/m3which is not economically feasibility for a water treatment plant.
• from the obtained results it can be concluded that the cost of protecting the Nile River from pollution is cheaper than treating the raw water from ammonia by air stripping technique.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the results of the study, the following was recommended:
• Control the agriculture drainage dumping in the El-Mahmoudia canal or on the banks of canal.
• Protection the Nile River from pollution and Enforcement of the Egyptian regulations strictly: Law 48/1982 and Decree 8/1983 and its amendment (92/2013) and Law 4/1994 and its amendment (9/2009) is recommended.
• Undertake more research on the use of ammonia gas raise from air stripping technique to remove ammonia from drinking water in the manufacture of fertilizer.