الفهرس 
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Abstract
E.coli is the predominant Gram-Negative facultative anaerobe of human intestinal flora, is an inhabitant of intestine and faeces of humans, animals, reptiles and birds. E.coli can be categorized into commensal E.coli, intestinal pathogenic E.coli and extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli (ExPEC).
ExPEC causes symptomatic infections in both humans and animals at different anatomical sites including uropathogenic E.coli(UPEC) causing urinary tract infection (UTI), neonatal meningitis-associated E.coli(NMEC) causing meningitis of the newborn, and avian pathogenic E.coli(APEC) causing colibacillosis in poultry.
Zoonotic Potential of ExPEC is a threat to both the poultry industry and human health. Studies have suggested that meats, particularly poultry, can also be a source of ExPEC strain transmission to humans.
Reports presenting similarities among the diverse ExPEC strains, the common phylogenetic origins of strains isolated from humans and animals, as well as their genome flexibility raise concerns about the potential for ExPEC to cause zoonosis. Poultry associated E.coli also often possess virulence genes similar to those of human ExPEC, suggesting the potential to cause human disease.
Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing E.coli has spread as a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, as well as infections in outpatient settings.
The aim of this work was to detect extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from retail chicken meat phenotypically and genotypically.
Fifty strains of E.coli were isolated from 64 chicken meat samples were collected from 4 different locations in Alexandria. The research, isolation and identification of E.coli were carried in Microbiology Department of Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University.
Identification of E.coli was based on Colonial morphology on MacConkey agar (Lactose fermenting colonies) and Biochemically using Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar and Indole, Methyl red, Voges -Proskauer, Citrate (IMVC) and urease test.
Susceptibility of E.coli isolates to β-lactam antibiotics was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance to β-lactams as penicillins (AMP, PI) was 100% and resistant to (AMC) was 94% while resistance to (CX) was 46% among E.coli isolates. Resistance to third generation cephalosporines ranged from 100% in (CTX) to 96% in (CAZ). Resistance to carbapenems varies greatly where 82% were resistant to (IPM), 6% were resistant to (ETP) and no isolates was resistant to (MEM). Resistance to monobactams Aztreonam (AT) was 82%.
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ESBL was confirmed phenotypically using combined disc test method by both (cefotaxime and cefotaxime with clavulanic acid) and (ceftazidime and ceftazidime with clavulanic acid) in 1 isolate (2%), ESBL was detected by cefotaxime alone in 6 isolates (12%) and by ceftazidime alone in 1 isolate (2%). ESBL were not detected in 42 isolates (84%) using both antibiotics.
ESBL was detected genotypically by blaTEM in 47 isolates (94%), by blaSHV in 49 isolates (98%) and by blaCTX in 19 isolates (38%). Both blaTEM+ blaSHV was detected in 47 isolates (94%), blaTEM+ blaCTX in 18 isolates (36%) and blaSHV+ blaCTX in 18 isolates (36%).
MBL was detected phenotypically among E.coli isolates using imipenem–EDTA combined disk method (MBL test) in 39 isolates (78%). MBL was detected genotypically among E.coli isolates by blaIMP in 4 isolates (8%), blaVIM in 25 isolates (50%).