الفهرس 
Introduction and RationaleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
ofSystemic lupus erythematosus is a relapsing autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations that affect multiple organ systems. Various factors including genetic and environmental factors have been implicated with the initiation and promotion of this complex disorder. Still, the etiopathology of SLE is not fully clear. However, multiple factors could contribute to the susceptibility to SLE including genetic polymorphisms in some interleukin genes,
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most common and severe forms of SLE, about 60% among SLE patients. Notably, LN is mainly due to the activation of intra-renal lymphocytes and clinically characterized by inflammation.