الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study is carried out to assess the effect of systemic application of Garden Cress on the alveolar bone healing of ligature induced periodontitis rats.
This study was conducted on forty-five adult male albino rats were used in this study divided into three groups fifteen in each. They were divided into 3 equal groups: group A; (control group), group B; (ligature induced periodontitis) and group C: (ligature induced periodontitis with garden cress administration). Periodontitis was induced in group B and C by using ligature. Ligature was removed after 11 days. Garden cress was applied after ligature removal systemically by using oral gavage. General behavior of rats of the different groups was measured at regular intervals throughout the time of the experiment.
After the intervals 2, 4, 6 weeks of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed from the ligature removal. Mandibles were dissected out and were prepared for histological and scanning electron microscopic evaluation Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Histomorphometric analysis, and Energy Dispersive x-ray analysis.
The difference in histological feature of the alveolar bone healing at 2,4,6 weeks of the different groups at the molar area was examined by light microscope using heamatoxylin and eosin. Histomorphometric analysis was done to evaluate the percentage of the surface area of the formed bone .the value of the surface area of the formed bone in all groups was assessed in the different groups using the (Image J 1.46) software.
1- Histological results
Control group A
Examination of alveolar bone revealed normal architecture of alveolar bone. Regular bone surface facing the periodontal ligament interrupted by volkmann canal, healthy and continuous PDL fibers inserted in the alveolar bone. Normal size, number and distribution of osteocytes was seen, well defined resting lines with osteoblasts lining narrow bone marrow cavity were also seen.
Ligature induced periodontitis group B
Microscopic examination of this group revealed alveolar bone destruction and more aggressive loss in bone height with detachment of PDL fibers, irregular resorbed alveolar bone surface and wide bone marrow spaces with fatty tissues infiltration. Discontinuity of osteoblast on bone surface was seen. Empty osteocytes and osteocytes with pyknotic nucleus were also observed. Multinucleated osteoclasts in Howship’s lacunae and resting lines were evident.
Ligature induced periodontitis with garden cress administration group C
The result was relatively similar to group A (control group). It showed the normal orientation of PDL fibers. The group showed dense bone with relatively regular and smooth boundary, normal size and distribution of osteocytes .Well defined resting line were seen.
2- Results of Histomorphometric analysis
The comparison between the three studied groups (Control group A, periodontitis group B and Garden cress treated group C) regarding percentages of bone per field. The percentage of bone per field in periodontitis group B was still lower than the control group A and the garden cress treated group C.
However, the difference between the control group and group C treated by Garden Cress was not statistically significant Moreover, the difference between groups C treated by garden cress and group B was not significant.
3-Results of the scanning electron microscope
Control group
An intact alveolar crest in the interproximal area between1st & 2nd molars was seen, without any destruction. The surface topography of the buccal cortical plate of alveolar bone was seen uniform, smooth and regular.
Ligature induced periodontitis group B
Alveolar bone destruction was noted and the surface topography exhibited a generalized pattern of surface porosity, roughening and irregularities.
Ligature induced periodontitis with garden cress administration group C
Better improvement in alveolar bone surface in the form of Relative restoration of alveolar crest level between 1st and 2nd molars into a level comparable to the control group. The surface topography of the buccal cortical plate of alveolar bone was seen uniform, smooth and regular.
4- Results of EDX microanalysis
Percentages of calcium
The comparison between the three studied groups control group A, periodontitis group B, and garden cress treated group c, regarding percentage of calcium. The treated group C showed the highest values followed by control group then periodontitis group B which showed the lowest values.
The difference between the control group A and group c was not statistically significant but it was significant in comparison to group B.
Percentages of phosphorous
Phosphorous comparison between the three studied group (control group A, periodontitis group B and garden cress treated group groups C) regarding percentage of Phosphorus. The periodontitis group B showed the highest values Followed by group C treated by garden cress. The control group I showed the lowest values. The difference between the control group A and group B treated by Garden Cress was not statistically significant. However, the difference between the control group A and group C was statistically significant.
5- Results of radiographic evaluation Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
Peri- molar bone loss
The crestal bone loss around each molar was evaluated radiographically in millimeters, after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of ligature removal respectively.
For all groups, there was no significant difference between the 3 reading around each molar (mesial, distal, buccal); therefore, the mean of bone loss was recorded.