الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The objective of the present work is to isolation and identification of bacterial species isolated from swimming pools water.
The main experimental results can be briefly summarized in the following points:
1- A total number of 50 water samples were collected from six different public and private swimming pools in Benha city over a five-month period (Augusts 2018 to December 2018). All of water samples were from I-swim Academy swimming pools, Dilmon club swimming pools, golden park swimming pools, Elstad swimming pools, Benha sporting club swimming pools (small) and Benha sporting club swimming pools (large) at Benha city, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt.
2- Taking 50µl from each water sample and spread on mannitol salt agar medium and then incubated for 48 h, after incubation, selected bacterial colonies which make fermentation to mannitol salt were isolated. The obtained bacterial isolates (100 isolates) which are representative of grown bacterial colonies on mannitol salt agar medium were sub cultured several times for adaptation on nutrient agar medium.
3- Out of 100 bacterial isolates, sixty one isolates exhibited good growth and divided into four groups on the basis of the morphology of bacterial cells, catalase and coagulase test according to standard clinical laboratory methods and confirmed by VTTEK 2 system:
a) group I: This group include 7 bacterial isolates that were grape like structure in shape, gram positive, catalase positive, and coagulase positive and identified by automated identification system VITEK2 into Staphylococcus aureus.
b) group II: This group includes nine bacterial isolates that were Cocci in shape, gram positive, catalase positive, and coagulase negative and the bacterial isolates identified by automated identification system VITEK2 into Kocuria varians.
c) group III: This group include four bacterial isolates that were bacilli in shape, gram positive, catalase positive, and coagulase negative and the bacterial isolates identified by automated identification system VITEK2 into Cellulomonas turbata.
d) group IV: This group includes forty one bacterial isolates that were Coccobacilli in shape, gram positive, catalase positive, and coagulase negative and the bacterial isolates identified by automated identification system VITEK2 into Gardnerella vaginalis.
4- In the present work, we began to find solution to the problem of the spread bacteria in swimming pools water by using different types of antibiotics, nanoparticles (silver and chitosan) and bacteriophages.
a) In case of antibiotics, bacterial isolates showed to be sensitive to Gentamicin, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nitrofurantion and Amoxicillin and they were also highly resistant to Ceftazidime, Aztreonam, Cefotaxime and Penicillin G.
b) According to nanoparticles, different concentrations of silver and chitosan nanoparticles against twenty one bacterial strains were 1mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml, and 0.125 mg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of different concentration of chitosan nanoparticles against bacterial strains showed no antibacterial activity of all chitosan nanoparticles concentration against the bacterial strains except concentration 1mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml showed weak antibacterial activity against S.aureus 1505ISA. In contrast, the antimicrobial activity of different concentration of silver nanoparticles against bacterial strains showed the most antibacterial activity of different silver Nanoparticles concentration against the bacterial strains are 1mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml, and 0.125 mg/ml respectively.
c) In case of bacteriophages:
- This study summarized in isolation and characterization of lytic bacteriophages against Staphylococcus aureus and Kocuria varians in environmental samples. Firstly, ten lytic phages were isolated from sewage water. The ten phages were purified and propagated on their host. The phages were known SaPHG-1, SaPHG-2, SaPHG-3, SaPHG-4, SaPHG-5, KvPHG-6, KvPHG-7, KvPHG-8, KvPHG-9, and KvPHG-10.
- The isolated phages were identified morphologically by using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and showed that six phages (SaPHG-1, SaPHG-3, SaPHG-4, SaPHG-5, KvPHG-6, and KvPHG-7) are belonging to Myoviridae with short contractile tails, but the phage SaPHG-1 is belonging to Siphoviridae with long non contractile tails and the phages (KvPHG-8, KvPHG-9, and KvPHG-10) are belonging to Podoviridae with short non contractile tails. The dimensions of heads ranged from 69 to 192nm, while the tail dimension was ranged from 110 to 300nm. The host range of ten phages was tested on twenty five selected bacterial isolates using overlay technique
- The selected phages (SaPHG1, KvPHG10) of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Kocuria varians respectively were stored at different pH (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) and different temperature (30ºC, 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, 70 ºC, and 80 ºC) for different incubation period (1hr, 5hr, 1day, 2day, and 7day) and the log until reduction in their titer under the were determined