الفهرس 
CERVICAL CARCINOMAOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in females globally, and the seventh overall among population. In Egypt, cervical cancer constitute about 0.6 % of the total malignancies. The important prognostic factors for cervical carcinoma are lymph node metastasis and the pathological features of the primary tumor, including tumor size, depth of stromal invasion, histological type; and lymph-vascular space involvement. Hypoxia is present in cervical carcinoma and is often associated with tumor glycolysis, angiogenesis, and poor prognosis, as well as invasion and metastasis by activating relevant gene expression through hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Among the target genes of HIF-1, Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a biomarker of tumor hypoxia in cervical carcinoma. CAIX is regulated by hypoxia via HIF-1α and shows strong up-regulation in hypoxic regions of cervical tumors. Moreover, high level of CAIX in cervical tumors is associated with lymph node metastasis and predict for poor overall and metastasis-free survival rates after radiation therapy. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells. In response to hypoxia, expression of VEGF is upregulated by activated oncogenes and a number of cytokines. VEGF initiates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as the permeabilization of tumor blood vessel.