الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fly ash (FA) is a waste material with major components are silica, alumina, iron oxide and carbon which are ideal for adsorption. Fly ash was sieved into various particles size. Particles size was selected less than 75 µm. Raw fly ash was chemically and physically modified by NaOH and ultrasonic respectively. Raw fly ash was used for pollutants removal from industrial wastewater. Sonicated fly ash was used to treat wastewater. Surface morphology of FA was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Fly ash was investigated using FT-IR analysis to identify chemical bonds. Multipoint Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area measurements were performed to get an overview of the pores characteristics of the activated sample such as surface area. X- ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy method was applied to determine the crystalline phases. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) method was applied to determine the elemental composition of FA. The maximum metal removal (100 %) was achieved using modified fly ash (3 g/l) by NaOH and ultrasonic technique within 30 minutes (MFA3). Higher concentration of fly ash (4 g/l) is required for 100% metals removal using NaOH (MFA1) or sonicated FA/NaOH at 5 minutes (MFA2). The maximum metal adsorption efficiency values were 82.8 and 64.2% for raw FA occurred at 5 g/l for Fe and Cu, respectively. The maximum Cu adsorption capacity values were 9.5, 20, 21 and 31 mg/g for fly ash with particle size < 75 μm (FA1), fly ash < 75 μm and MFA1, MFA2 < 75 μm and MFA3< 75 μm. The values for Fe were 15.5, 25.5, 27 and 35 mg/g for FA1, MFA1, MFA2 and MFA3, respectively.