الفهرس 
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Abstract
cobalt, cadmiumandcobalt-60 and degrading phenolic compounds (phenol and
nitrophenol) from aqueous solutions . Also, the study involved the evaluation of
using different immobilized shapes (beads and thin film) in improving the
efficiency of immobilized isolates for the treatment process . The isolated
bacteria wereBacillus haynesii and Bacillus aerius according to 16S rRNA
identification, while the isolated fungi were Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus
parasiticus , and Pencillium oxalicum according to the gross morphology and
diagnostic structures .
Investigation of cobalt removal was done by screening free wet biomass
weightsof 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0 .2g for bacteria and fungi. The results showed
that theincrease in the free weight increases the percent removal and decreases
the removal capacity for the studied bacteria and fungi. The maximum
capacities obtained at free weight 0.025g for both bacteria and fungi were; 400,
356, 96, 196 and 139 mg/g for B. haynesii, B. aerius, A. foetidus, A. parasiticus
and P. oxalicum, respectively.On usingdifferent free dry myceliaweightsof
0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.025g for fungi for cobalt removal , the maximum
removal capacities were 272, 298 and 152 mg/g for A. foetidus, A. parasiticus
and P. oxalicum, respectively.Results cleared that the dry free mycelia had
higher capacities than that of wet free mycelia. The order of cobalt removal
efficiency wasA. parasiticus > A. foetidus > P. oxalicum for dry freemycelia,
whereas for wet free mycelia wasA. parasiticus > P. oxalicum > A. foetidus.
Screening of the immobilized bacteria wet weights of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05
and 0.1gwith different shapes beads and thin film showed that the removal
percent andcapacity increased with the increase in immobilized weight up to
0.025 g and decreased at 0.1g. The optimum immobilized wet bacterial biomass
for both beads and thin film shape was 0.025g/5 ml sodium alginate. Where, the
removal capacities of immobilizedweight 0.025g were 36.57, 37.5 mg/g for B.haynesii and 34.02, 35.83 mg/g of B. aerius for beads and thin film,
respectively.
On usingdifferent weightsof 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1g of wet and
dry mycelia were immobilized in beads and thin film shapes to compare between
their removal percent and capacities. The results showed that, for the
immobilized wet mycelia the removal percent and capacity incre ased with
increase in the immobilized weight up to 0.025g for beads and thin film.
Moreover,the results indicated that the immobilized thin film of wet biomasses
of A. foetidus had high removal percent and capacity than immobilized beads.
The removal capacities were 29.7/35.2, 34.65/34.4 and 34.22/35.38 mg/g for
immobilized A. foetidus, A. parasiticus and P. oxalicum beads and thin film,
respectively.Whereas, t he removal capacities were 41.15/36.82, 44.24/35.71 and
42.3/34.46mg/g for dryimmobilizedA. foetidus, A. parasiticus andP. oxalicum
beads and thin film, respectively.
The effect of environmental conditions on the removingof Co (II) ions
from aqueous waste solutions were studied using immobilized 0.025g of B.
haynesii beads andthin film, whereas, beads of immobilized 0.01g dry A.
parasiticus and thin filmof immobilized 0.025g dry A. foetiduswere used.
The effect of pH on Co (II) ions biosorption cleared that as the pH
increased the removal percent increased and the maximum removal percent was
achieved at pH 6.5 for both bacterial and fungal species. The effect of pH on Co
(II) ions biosorption bythe immobilizedB. haynesii beads or thin film is greater
than that on immobilized fungi. It was found that the biosorption proces s reached
equilibrium for both bacteria and fungi using the studied immobilized shapes
after 90 min utes.The effectof temperature on the removal of Co II ions showed
thatthe highest removal percent wasat 25 ºC forB. haynesii beads and thin film ,
and thenfollowed by sharp decrease. Whereas , the highest removal percent is up
to 25 ºC for immobilized dry beads of A. parasiticus and up to 37 ºC forimmobilized dry thin film of A. foetidus followed by slight decrease d in the
removal percent up to 50 °C.
The effect of initial cobalt ions concentration was studied at different
values of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. Results indicated that as the initial
concentration increased the removal percent decreased and the removal
capacities increased . The maximum removal capacities obtained at initial
concentration 750 ppm were;49.03 and 69.46 mg/g for immobilizedB. haynesii
beads and thin film , respectively. Whereas, the capacities were; 56.07 and 64.96
mg/g for immobilized dry beads of A. parasiticus and dry thin film of A.
foetidus, respectively.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) investigation of bacteria and fungi
immobilizedin beads and thin f ilm before and after removal of Co (II) ions at
different magnification power s showed that the surface density of immobilized
bacteria or fungi either beads or thin film become more dense after removal of
Co (II) ions. However, the biosorption of the Co (II) ions was confirmed by
EDX analysis which illustrated the present of Co (II) ions in the immobilized
beads a nd thin film after removal of cobalt ions.
On the removing of cobalt -60 from aqueous solution , theresultscleared
that immobilization increases the removal percent and capacities. Also, the
immobilized beads for bacteria an d fungi showed higher removal percent than
immobilized thin film. Theoptimum immobilized wet weight ofB. haynesii
beads were found to be 0.2g/5ml sodium alginate, while the optimum
immobilized dry weight ofP. oxalicum beads was 0.02g/5ml sodium alginate.
Results showed that the highest removal percent obtained at activity of 15000
count/600sec were 79.3 and 53.4% for dry immobilized beads of P. oxalicum
and wet immobilized beads of B. haynesii, respectively . The increa se in activity
from 20000 to 25000 count/600sec causes decrease in the removalpercent of
dry immobilized beads of P. oxalicum.Investigation of cadmium removal was done by screening free wet
biomassweightsof 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0 .2g of both bacteria and fungi. The
increase in the free weight increases the percent removal and decreases the
removal capacity for bacteria and fungi. The maximum capacities obtained at
free weight 0.025g for bacteria were 400 and 368, mg/g for B. haynesii and B.
aerius, respectively.While, for wet fungi mycelia, the removal capacities were
144, 160 and 144mg/g for A. foetidus, A. parasiticus and P. oxalicum,
respectively.
Different free dry myceliaweightsof 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.025g for
fungi were examined for cadmium removal. The removal capacities were 140,
220 and 106 mg/g for A. foetidus, A. parasiticus andP. oxalicum, respectively.
The order of cadmium removal wasA. parasiticus > A. foetidus > P. oxalicum
for dry free mycelia , whereas for wet mycelia was A. parasiticus > A. foetidus •
P. oxalicum.
Screening of the immobilized bacteria wet weights of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05
and 0.1g in different shapes (beads and thin film) showed that the removal
percent and capacity increased with the increase in immobilized weight and
decreased at 0.1g. The optimum immobilized wet bacterial biomass for both
beads and thinfilm shape was 0.05g/5 ml sodium alginate. The removal
capacitieswere45.5, 49.2 mg/g for B. haynesii, while for B. aerius were 32.9,
35.1mg/g for beads and thin film, respectively.
On usingdifferent immobilized weights of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1g for
wet and dry fungal mycelia were immobilized in beads and thin film shapes to
compare between their removal percent and capacities. The results cleared that
for the immobilized wet mycelia the removal percent and capacity increased
with increase in the immobilized weight up to 0.025g for beads and thin film.
The optimum immobilized wet biomass was 0.025g/5ml sodium alginate for
beads and thin film forms. It was found that 0.01g and 0.025g/5ml sodium
P. oxalicum.
Screening of the immobilized bacteria wet weights of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05
and 0.1g in different shapes (beads and thin film) showed that the removal
percent and capacity increased with the increase in immobilized weight and
decreased at 0.1g. The optimum immobilized wet bacterial biomass for both
beads and thinfilm shape was 0.05g/5 ml sodium alginate. The removal
capacitieswere45.5, 49.2 mg/g for B. haynesii, while for B. aerius were 32.9,
35.1mg/g for beads and thin film, respectively.
On usingdifferent immobilized weights of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1g for
wet and dry fungal mycelia were immobilized in beads and thin film shapes to
compare between their removal percent and capacities. The results cleared that
for the immobilized wet mycelia the removal percent and capacity increased
with increase in the immobilized weight up to 0.025g for beads and thin film.
The optimum immobilized wet biomass was 0.025g/5ml sodium alginate for
beads and thin film forms. It was found that 0.01g and 0.025g/5ml sodiumalginate were the optimum immobilized dry weight for t hin film and beads,
respectively.Results indicated that the immobilized wet and dry biomasses of A.
foetidus and A. parasiticus thin film form had high removal percent and
capacity than beads forms; while the beads shape of immobilized dry biomass
of P. oxalicum had high removal percent and capacity than thin film shape.
The environmental conditions for the removing of Cd (II) ions were
studied using immobilized B. haynesii beads and thin film , whereas,for fungi
beads of immobilized dry P. oxalicum and thin film of immobilized dryA.
parasiticus were studied. The effect of pH on biosorption of Cd (II) showed that
as the pH increased the removal percent increased . The maximum removal
percent was achieved at pH 6.5 for both bacterial and fungal species. The effect
of low pH 2.5 on the immobilized B. haynesii beads or thin film is greater than
that on immobilized fungi.The biosorption equilibrium for both bacteria and
fungi in the studied immobilized shapes achievedafter 120 min utes. The effect
of temperature indicatedthat the highest removal percent of B. haynesii beads
and thin filmobservedat 25 ºC and then followed by sharp decrease. Whereas,
the effect onimmobilized fungi either beads or thin film is lower than that on
immobilized bacteria.The effect of initial cadmium ions concentrations was
studied at different values of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. Results indicated
that as the initial concentration increased the removal percent decreased while
the removal capacities increased . The maximum capacities were 49.03 and
69.46 mg/gfor immobilizedB. haynesii beads and thin film obtained atinitial
concentration 750 ppm . However, the removal capacities were 89.86 and 55.19
mg/g for immobilized dry P. oxalicum beads and immobilizeddry A.
parasiticus thin film, respectivelyat initial concentration 1000 ppm.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) investigation s of calcium alginate
beads and thin film either control or immobilized with the studied bacteria and
fungi beforeandafter accum ulated withCd (II) ions at different magnification powers. The surface density of calcium alginate beads and thin film
immobilized bacteria or fungi become denserafter removal ofCd (II) ions.
Studding the biodegradation of phenol by the free wet biomass of
bacteria and fungishowed that, the increase in the free biomass weight
increased the rate of phenol degradation from 3 daysfor 0.1 and 0.2 g to 5 days
for 0.02g. Also, thefree biomass of B. aerius had higher phenol degradation
rate thanfree biomass ofB. haynesii. Whereas,and that free bacterial biomass
had faster degradation rate and higher degradation capacities. On the other
hand, the free fungal biomass had the following order A. parasiticus > P.
oxalicum > A. foetidus for phenol biodegradation . The maximum capacities
were 2275 and 2500 mg/g biomass of B. haynesii and B. aerius, respectively.
While, the maximum capacities were 362, 400 and 400 mg/g for A. foetidus, A.
parasiticus andP. oxalicum, respectively;for free biomass weight 0.05g after 5
days.
Results for screening different immobilized weight s of 0.025, 0.05, and
0.1g for bacteria and fungi in different shapes indicated that immobilized thin
film had fast phenol degradation rate. Also, the increase in the immobilized
weight increased the degradation rate, where complete degradation obtained
after1 day for 0.1g immobilized thin film of bacteria and fungi. The maximum
degradation capacity was obtained at 0.025g/ 5ml sodium alginatein both
bacteria and f ungi.
The effect of initial phenol concentration on biodegradation process rate
and efficiency was investigated at different phenol concentrations of 50, 100,
150 and 200 ppm using 0.1g/5ml and 0.025g/5ml sodium alginate for
immobilized bacterial and mycel ia weight,respectively . Results showed that the
immobilized B. aerius beads and thin film had faster biodegradation rate than
immobilizedB. haynesii beads and thin film. Also, results showed that complete
biodegradation was achieved after 24 hours at phe nol concentration 50 ppm for immobilized B. haynesii and B. aerius beads and thin film . While, complete
biodegradation was achieved for immobilized fungal thin film after 2 days at
phenol concentration 100 ppm for all studied fungal . Besides , results showe d
that fungal species had high efficiency in degradation of phenol at high initial
concentration 200 ppm.
In screening of free biomass of bacteria and fungi for biodegradation of
nitrophenol using high biomasses weight s of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3g. The results
indicated that as bacterial biomass increased the biodegradation capacity
decreased. Moreover, the results showed that free biomass of B. haynesii had
more biodegradation efficiency than free biomass of B. aerius. Also, the
increase in free mycelia weight increased the nitrophenol biodegradation
percent, and decreased the biodegradation capacity. The biodegradation percent
were; 86, 73.2, 96.03, 97.1 and 93.7% for B. haynesii, B. aerius, A. foetidus, A.
parasitic andP. oxalicum, respectivelyafter five days and at 0.3g free weight .
Screening the biodegradation of 100 ppm nitrophenol using different
weightsof 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 g f or the studied bacteria and fungi immobilized in
thin film and beads. The immobilized B. haynesii showed greater affinity in
biodegrading of nitrophenol than B. aerius for beads and thin film.The
biodegradation efficiency of immobilized fungal beads was nearly the same as
that of the immobilized fungal thin film in the three studied species. The order
of the biodegradation efficiency was A. parasiticus • P. oxalicum • A. foetidus.
The maximumbiodegradation efficiency was obtained at 0.1 g mycelia cell / 5
ml sodium alginate.
The effect of initial nitrophenol concentration on biodegradation rate and
efficiency of immobilized bacteria and fungi was investigated at different
nitrophenolconcentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm using 0.1g/5ml sodium
alginate . Resultsindicated that the immobilized thin film for both bacterial
species had higher nitrophenol biodegradation percent than that of immobilized P. oxalicum • A. foetidus.
The maximumbiodegradation efficiency was obtained at 0.1 g mycelia cell / 5
ml sodium alginate.
The effect of initial nitrophenol concentration on biodegradation rate and
efficiency of immobilized bacteria and fungi was investigated at different
nitrophenolconcentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm using 0.1g/5ml sodium
alginate . Resultsindicated that the immobilized thin film for both bacterial
species had higher nitrophenol biodegradation percent than that of immobilized A. foetidus.
The maximumbiodegradation efficiency was obtained at 0.1 g mycelia cell / 5
ml sodium alginate.
The effect of initial nitrophenol concentration on biodegradation rate and
efficiency of immobilized bacteria and fungi was investigated at different
nitrophenolconcentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm using 0.1g/5ml sodium
alginate . Resultsindicated that the immobilized thin film for both bacterial
species had higher nitrophenol biodegradation percent than that of immobilized