الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work aimed to study the differences between hot and cold seasons of Egypt on the reproductive performances of female buffaloes and the effect of season and reproductive status on some blood biochemical, hormonal and antioxidant parameters. Also, to identify the expression of some genes that be related to fertility in endometrium and corpus luteum of different reproductive status in Egyptian buffaloes from 3-5 years. For this purpose, three experiments were designed. The first experiment was designed to study the reproductive status of buffaloes in hot and cold seasons through the examination of (320) reproductive organs collected from slaughterhouse in hot and cold seasons and classified according to morphological appearance into cyclic, pregnant and smooth inactive ovaries. The second experiment was designed to study the effect of reproductive performances and season on some blood antioxidant, hormones and biochemical parameters through taking 80 blood samples from previous different reproductive status during hot and cold seasons. The third experiment, five genes had been selected (GAPDH, PGES, HSP70, PPARγ and SOD2) to explore the effects of their expression levels on reproduction of Egyptian buffaloes. This experiment includes collection of tissues from endometrium and corpus luteum of cyclic, pregnant and smooth inactive buffalo’s ovaries (7 samples for each group) for studying genes expression during cold season. These experiments last for one year dividing into cold and hot seasons. The main results revealed that [1] Higher percentage (p < 0.05) of smooth inactive buffalo’s ovaries during hot months [2] Higher percentage (p< 0.05) of cyclic and pregnant buffaloes in cold months. [3] The high temperature had a positive correlation (p< 0.05) with cortisol hormone, malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme levels. [4] Hot season were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the concentration of cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin, progesterone hormone, super oxide dismutase and catalase. [5] Cyclic and pregnant buffaloes have significant increase (p< 0.05) concentration of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, progesterone, superoxide dismutase and catalase. [6] Smooth inactive buffalo’s ovaries have significant increase (p< 0.05) concentration of cortisol hormone, malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. [7] Expression of PPARγ and PGES genes increased significantly (p < 0.05) in cyclic and pregnant buffaloes. [8] Expression of HSP70 and SOD2 genes increased significantly (p < 0.05) in smooth inactive buffalo’s ovaries. In conclusion, Female buffaloes are affected by the environmental temperature, the previous blood parameters and the expression of some genes can be used as markers for fertility and infertility in Egyptian buffaloes.