الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 129 |  |  |
| | | from | 129 | | |
Abstract
The present study is an endeavor for profound investigation about the early effects of induced hypo and hyperprolactinemia on hepatorenal and testicular functions in adult male rats. For this purpose, sixty mature male Albino rats were left for 3 weeks for acclimatization to the laboratory environment of the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University. Throughout the experimental period, rats were kept under constant environmental and hygienic conditions with 12 hrs light / dark cycle as well as offered balanced diet and water ad libitum. Rats were equally divided randomly into 3 comparable groups; control, hypoprolactinaemic and hyperprolactinaemic.
Induction of hypoprolactinemia was carried out using cabergoline at a dose rate of 0.6 mg/kg B.W. in ml sesame oil, orally every third day for one month . On the other side, induction of hyperprolactinemia was done by using haloperidol at a dose rate of 3.0 mg/kg B.W. in ml sesame oil orally, every day for one month. Each rat of the control group administered 1.0 ml sesame oil, orally every day for one month.
After the experimental period, each rat was weighed and individual blood samples from orbital canthus, under mild ether anesthesia, were collected to separate sera which were preserved at -20º C and subjected to estimate PRL as well as determination of liver enzymes ( AST and ALT ) and BR ( total, direct and indirect ). Also, kidney functions ( serum urea and creatinine ) were determined. Furthermore, the serum samples of each group were also subjected to estimate T and MDA.
Immediately after rat sacrifice, the testes were removed and weighed to calculate GSI. In addition, individual semen samples were collected by maceration of cauda epididymis and vasa deferentia for semen evaluation ( sperm count, individual motility, live / dead ratio and sperm abnormalities ).
For histopathological examination, tissue samples from the liver, kidneys and testes were immediately obtained and sectioned at 5µ thickness then stained by H and E stain. Another tissue samples from the liver and kidneys were immediately obtained for electron microscopical studies. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis.
The obtained results disclosed that cabergoline and haloperidol after 30 days administration were successful to induce hypo and hyperprolactinemia, respectively. Moreover, either hypo or hyperprolactinemia did not induce any significant variation in the GSI of the rats. induced hypoprolactinemia led only to significant increase in AST and ALT activities while hyperprolactinemia led to significant increase in liver AST, ALT and BR values ( total, direct and indirect BR ). Both treatments had no significant effect on kidney functions as compared with the corresponding control values. Hyperprolactinemia only led to a marked DROP in T level as compared to controls. MDA value increased significantly only in case of induction of hyperprolactinemia as compared with the corresponding control one. Induced hypoprolactinemia did not influence the semen picture of experimental rats. On the other side, induced hyperprolactinemia resulted in significant increase in primary, secondary and total abnormalities as compared with corresponding control values.
Histopathologically, hypoprolactinemia induced mild degenerative changes and proliferation of Van Kupffer cells while hyperprolactinemic group showed moderate degenerative changes with leuckocytic infiltration in the portal area in addition to severe proliferation of Van Kupffer cells. Mild degenerative changes of renal lining epithelium associated with mild glomerulonephrosis were demonstrated in the kidneys of hypoprolactinemic group. Hyperprolactinemic group showed moderate degenerative changes of the lining epithelium and moderate glomerulonephosis. The testes of hypoprolactinemic rats showed mild degenerative changes with minimal distortion of seminiferous tubules while hyperprolactinemic group appeared with moderate degree of atrophy and necrosis of spermatogonial cell layer as well as distortion of seminiferous tubules and disorganized germinal epithelia.
By transmission electron microscope, the liver of hypoprolactinemic group displayed nearly normal structure ( having large vesicular nucleus, cytoplasm - containing mitochondria, microbodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum and few small fat globules ). The liver belonging to hyperprolactinemic group showed presence of numerous fat globules and vaculations in cytoplasm with presence of bundles of collagen fibers in perisinusoidal space as well as congestion of the hepatic sinusoids. The ITO cells were abundant overloaded by fat globules and hepatocytes showed swelling of the mitochondria. Regarding the kidneys, in hypoprolactinemic group, TE showed glomeruli with mild thickening of the fibrous layer of the Bawman’s capsule, swelling of the podocytes and congestion while TE micrographs of kidney glomeruli of hyperprolactinemic group revealed thickening of the fibrous layer of the Bawmen᾽s capsule, vacuolation of the parietal epithelial cells, congestion of the capillary tufts of glomeruli with presence of bundles of collagen fibers periglomerular and marked swelling of the mitochondria. The tubular lumen contained casts with cellular debris.
It appears from the current study that induced hypoprolactinemia has minimal effects on liver functions without affecting kidney and testicular ones. On the other hand, Excess of PRL is considered a stressor resulting in elevation of MDA associated with deleterious influence on liver and testes functions as well as induces tissue damage.
Therefore, it is recommended to follow up PRL levels in the circulation and treat cases of hyperprolactinemia to avoid the hazards associated with such cases and maintain the metabolic and reproductive performances.