الفهرس 
صفحة العنوانOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The global demand of energy continues to increase despite the recent crises in the
economy around the world and the uncertainties in the future perspective. Solar
energy which has been used for various applications throughout its history. In 1912,
the world’s largest solar powered pumping plant to date was built by Frank Shuman
and the system was placed in Maadi, Egypt. The plant was shut down in 1915
because of World War I and also due to cheap oil prices. There are many areas
beside electricity production where solar energy can be utilized efficiently. Solar
thermal energy has b~en used for water heating purposes in residential appliances
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for years. Solar energy is one of the renewable technologies which harness the
energy of solar irradiance to produce electricity using photovoltaic (PV) or
concentrating solar power (CSP), to have heating or cooling (either passive or
active) or to meet direct lighting needs.
Process heat for industrial use represent a considerable consumer of energy
worldwide, almost 30% of total energy demand worldwide is used up by thermal
industry processes. A substantial amount of the process heat application is used to
generate saturated steam. Solar Direct Steam Generation (DSG) is made possible by
solar concentrating technology, and allows for integration with existing fossil based
systems. Compared to indirect steam generation. DSG introduces the opportunity of
capital cost saving in addition to enhanced performance and lower heat losses. The
environmental aspects of not having to use thermal oil in the process are another big
advantage of DSG. DSG, however, presents its own challenges regarding the
controllability and stability of the system due to the two phase flows in the absorber
tube in addition to the dynamics of the steam drum.
Analyses available in the literature have shown that live steam at the exit of DSG
fields can reach a temperature of 500 QC and a pressure of 120 bar, which leads to a
direct increment in system’s overall efficiency, ultimately leading to a low cost of
energy.
The model presented and benchmarked against the published data. In order to give
information about the performance of the solar array simulated for different inlet