الفهرس 
. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Oilfields Produced water is the largest waste stream generated in the oil processing facilities. It is originally produced during the oil extraction operations, containing a mixture of different organic and inorganic compounds. With the daily increase in the volume of produced water production serious difficulties encounter downstream treatment operations and with the current reinjection rate into disposal wells it is arising economic and environmental concerns due to the long term accumulation of oil in the disposal wells, which can contaminate neighboring water aquifers. Some of the toxic components in produced water can cause irreversible damage to the surrounding environment. The presented study discuss the characteristics and the environmental impacts of produced water discharge, methods to reduce the volume of produced water, a comparison between alternative physical, thermal, and chemical treatment methods for produced water, and the possible reuses application of produced water and how to convert it from being a waste stream into a useful product instead of disposing it, by reusing it in Enhanced oil recovery after being treated to be suitable for reinjection.