الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study targets to prepare a checklist of ornamental plants either cultivated or wild plants of in the gardens the Egyptian Nile region, In addition, the assessment of the wild conserved plants in these gardens. This list was also analyzed regarding; these concepts; taxonomic diversity, growth and sex forms, flowering activity, propagation methods, ecosystem services: goods (economic importance) and services (environmental services), history of plant introduction to Egypt via eras, national and global distributions, and world biomes. It aims also at studying conservation of wild plants in their locations. whence the location characters, these characters classified into quantitative and descriptive parameters. Quantitative characters include area, UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinates, climate factors (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity), species number, average of the inhabitants whom served, available area per person and species density. While descriptive characters include (garden age, type and location to the river). Herbarium sheets of the collected plants were prepared and kept in Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Herbarium (TANE). In addition, a computerized database of the recorded plants was built dealing with their characters. In this study, 194 field visits were directed to different locations of 20 governorates representing the Egyptian Nile Region from summer 2016 to winter 2018. Based on the floristic composition of these locations in relation to their characters, the recorded species in 183 gardens were classified by two-way cluster analysis (TWCA) and ordinated by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) using PC-ORD 7 software. Garden flora in the Egyptian Nile Region consists of 2471 species, sub-species or varieties of ornamental plants. Out of them 1907 species, sub-species or varieties are still cultivated (belonged to 812 genera and 161 families, in addition to 96 wild conserved ; while 4 species, sub-species or varieties were considered as a historical gap (kept onle as herbarium sheets in the Herbarium of Agricultural Museum CAIM). A. Ornamental plants About the current ornamental plants; the most represented families were Fabaceae (250 species and sub-species = 13.1 % of the total current species), followed by Cactaceae (150 species and sub-species = 7.9 %), and Arecaceae (131 species and sub-species = 6.9 %), while the highest represented genera were Ficus (45 species and sub-species = 2.4 % the current species), Agave (37 species and sub-species = 1.9 %), and Euphorbia (33 = 1.7 %). Seven substrates of cultivation support the growth of ornamental plants in the Egyptian Nile Region were identified as follows: gardeninf areas, nurseries, rocky sides, streets, green houses, aquatic bodies (e.g., canals, lakes, swamps, drains and ponds), and moist sides. In general, trees and shrubs were the most dominant growth forms, followed by herbaceous plants, while ferns were the less represented. Bisexual species (hermaphrodites) were the most represented sex forms. There was a gradual increase in the flowering activity of the recorded species from December till May, then decreased again reaching a minimum value in November. The present study indicated that the ornamental plants are mainly propagated sexually by seeds; and asexually by one or more of the following methods: cutting, rhizomes, offsets, air layering, grafting, suckers, plantlets, bulbs, bulbils, corms, tubers, buds, spores, tissue culture and stolons. For offered ecosystem services; all the ornamental species that in the Nile Region have at least one aspect of the potential and actual economic services (goods); from them 398 are medicinal species (20.4 %). In addition, 1323 species have at least one aspect of the potential or actual environmental services (67.5 % of the total). from them 1040 species (78.6%) are shade sources; followed by 183 nitrogen fixers (13.8 %). For the history of plant introduction to Egypt; 1166 species had been introduced to cultivate in the Egyptian Nile Region from other countries. Most plant species were introduced to Egypt through the era of the Mohamed Ali family; especially in the period from1850s to the 1900s, then the period from the 1900s to the 1950s. In this study, 788 characteristic ornamental species are recorded; 366 species of them were recorded in one garden only (e.g., 107 species in Aswan Botanic Island, 80 in Orman, 78 in Saff and 21 in Manial Palace Gardens); 265 species in two gardens; and 157 species in three gardens. For global phytogeographic regions; the most represented phytogeographic regions were Caribbean region (23) (468 species = 24.5 % of the total), followed by Indian region (16) (362 species = 19 %), while Subantarctic Islands (34) was the lowest represented global phytogeographic region )9 species = 0.5 %). According to the world biomes; 1357 species of them are originated from tropical rainforests (69.6 %), 1186 species (61.9 %) from temperate deciduous forests and subtropical evergreen forests and 1132 (59.4 %) from tropical deciduous forests and savanna. One hundred eighty-three studied gardens were classified by two-way cluster analysis (TWCA) into 30 garden groups according to their floristic composition at 37.5 % gradient percentage; and this was more significant with age level of gardens and also ordinated at the first and second axes by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCOA). group 1 (A52 gardens) had the highest species richness (511.5 species group-1), while group 29 (Saloga and Gazal Islands in Aswan alone) had the lowest (2.0 species group-1). group 1 also had the highest species turnover (51), but 13 groups had the lowest (0) (e.g., Groups 4, 9, 10, 14, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27 and 30). For spatial parameters; the relationship between species diversity, area (m2), Y coordinate were direct significant, while with X coordinate was direct non-significant, Secondly about climate factors; relationships between species diversity with precipitation (mm year-1) and relative humidity (%) were direct significant, while with temperature range at 2 meters (oC) was inverse non-significant. Relationships between ornamental species diversity and other parameters such as species density (species m-2) and inhabitants whom served were inverse non-significant, while with available area per person (m2 person-1) was direct significant. About analysis of descriptive garden parameters; there were obvious increasing of species number with increasing garden number according to garden age groups, garden types, garden purposes and garden location to the river. The age of gardens was the most significant descriptive character of gardens which explained the classification of their floristic composition.