الفهرس 
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer worldwide. HNSCCs have a yearly incidence of 600,000 cases worldwide, with 40–50% mortality, Sinapic acid is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, it has been identified in various fruits, vegetables, some spices oilseed crops, cereal grains. Sinapic acid plays an important role as chemopreventive agents.
Conventional chemotherapeutic and surgical agents not able to clear cancer cells in most cancer types, the development of chemopreventive strategies is an urgent priority in public health. Prevention via non-toxic agents may be one such approach.
The current study conducted based on monitoring of in vitro cytotoxicity using MTT assay, morphological changes determination of free and nano-sinapic acid. Nano-particles were prepared using Tween-80, and genotoxicity concerning apoptosis using real time PCR for evaluation of apoptotic genes profile (P53 , caspase and BCL2 ). These assays were employed to evaluate and compare the effect of free and nano-sinapic acid as anticancer agent against Squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HEp-2).
Results of the present study revealed that both free and nano- formulae of sinapic acid have cytotoxic effect on HEp-2 cells after 24 hours. However, nano- sinapic acid was more toxic than free formula and the viability percentages decreased with increasing concentrations of both free and nano-sinapic acid.
Histopathological pictures showed that the criteria of apoptosis and necrosis were prominent at IC50 concentrations of sinapic acid and nano-Sinapic acid for 24 hours independently.
The statistical analysis of the present study regarding to sinapic acid showed a significant decrease of the mean NAF of HEp-2 cells treated with sinapic acid when compared with control cells after 24 hours (p =.0001).
Regarding to nano-sinapic acid, the statistical analysis also showed very highly significant decrease of the mean NAF of HEp-2 cells treated with Nano-sinapic acid when compared with control cells (p< .0001).
The data obtained from real time PCR for evaluation apoptotic genes profile (caspase, P53and BCL2) showed that both free and nano-sinapic acid led to significant upregulation of caspase and P53genes parallel with significant downregulation of Bcl-2 gene compared to control cells. Therefore both formulae of sinapic acid directly or indirectly were associated with induction of apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma (HEp-2) cell lines.
So, free and nano-sinapic acid can induce apoptosis and can change cancer cell morphology due to their apoptotic activity. Thus, they could be used for cancer prevention and cancer chemotherapy.