الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study investigated the incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms in poultry and poultry products in Egypt. from a total of 300 poultry and poultry product samples 25, 20, 15, and 10 isolates were recognized as Salmonella spp., E.coli, S.aureus and E.faecalis by bacteriological and molecular methods. Studying antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacterial isolates , multidrug resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial groups was observed in 9 (36%), 18(90%), 15(100%), and 9 (90%) isolates of Salmonella spp., E.coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis, respectively. E. coli and Salmonella isolates were tested for its susceptibility against 14 different antibiotics; the highest resistance rates in E. coli were recorded against tetracycline, chloramphenicol , ampicillin, and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim with resistance rates of 90% , 85% ,80% and 80 % ,respectively.The highest sensitivity rates were detected for amikacin , cefuroxime and ampicillin-sulbactam with sensitivity rates 100%, 75% and 70% , respectively. In Salmonella isolates increased resistance to cefotaxime and tetracycline with a percentage of 80% and 64% was detected, respectively. Also the highest sensitivity rates were detected for amikacin and ampicillin-sulbactam with sensitivity rates of (92%), and (88%) for amoxicillin clavulanate and ceftazidime. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of S.aureus was studied against 12 different antibiotics. The highest resistance rates were detected against methicillin, pencillin, erythromycin and azithromycin with resistance rates of (100%) and (80%) for gentamycin . The highest sensitivity rate was detected towards vancomycin with a percentage of 80%. In enterococci (100%) of the strains were resistant to clindamycin and ampicillin, (80%) for rifampin and 70% for tetracycline. The highest sensitivity rates were detected to pencillin and vancomycin with a percentage of 80%and 60%,respectively. Serotyping of Salmonella spp. in chicken revealed that S. Enteritidis was the most isolated strain followed by S. Infantis (21.4%), S. Kentucky (14.2%) and S. Typhimurium, S. Kapemba, S. Newport, S. Vejle and S. Magherafelt were equally identified . S. Infantis was the most common strain detected in chicks (60%), while in ducks S. Typhimurium and S. Blegdam were equally identified. In ducklings, S. Sinchew, S. Infantis and S. Sekondi were equally. Only S. Newmexico was identified in poultry products. Isolates of E. coli recorded in chicken were serogrouped into O1, O8, O29, O125, O128 and O157. In chicks, O29 and O126 serotypes were detected. In poultry products only O8 was detected. Molecular detection for antibiotic resistance genes revealed that blaTEM being the predominant b-lactamases detected in Salmonella spp. and E.coli. While mecA was detected in all S. aureus isolates (all are Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus). For enterococcus vanA gene was detected in 3 isolates (30%), no vanB was detected. The results indicate that frequency of multi-drug resistant organisms has reached an alarming level in poultry isolates in Egypt. It significantly points to the great need to evaluate and monitor the incidence rate of multi-drugs resistant organisms.