الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture,
Shebin Elkom , a private farm at Elkom Elakhadar , Shebin Elkom , and
laboratory of Economic Entomology and Agricultural Zoology
Department to study the population density and population dynamics of
the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae infested four tomato
varieties and four varieties of eggplant plantation during 2018/2019
seasons.
Ecological studies:
1. Tomato experiments:
Ecological studies were performed for two successive plantations
(Summer plantation and Nili plantation) on four varieties (Alia- Super
strain- Alisa- Sama) as follow:
- Incidence studies indicated that all tomato varieties were
infested with high number of Tetranychus urticae along two
plantations.
- Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae infested tomato
plants along two plantations:
1-1 Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae infested tomato
plants along Summer plantations 2018:
Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae cleared that the
numbers of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae eggs were
significantly increased during May month reaching 231.7 , 445.7 , 754.6 ,
791.3 , eggs / 20 leaves for Alia , Super strain , Alisa, and Sama varieties,
respectively , than that numbers recorded March and April months.
Another significant increase was obtained during June month where
numbers were 557.0, 838.4, 1114.0 , and 1420.0 eggs / 20 leaves, then
significant decrease was observed during July month in all tested
varieties.
Movable stages of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
infested tomato leaves of different varieties were significantly increased
from April to May months for all varieties , from 21.7 to 251.3 ; 15.0 to
393.0 ; 19.7 to 435.0 ; and from 30.0 to 558.3 individuals / 20 leaves for
Alia , Super Strain , Alisa , and Sama varieties , respectively.
In addition , another significant increase was observed during June
month for all tested varieties , then the numbers were decreased in July to
300.0 , 738.0, 701.7 , and 1287.1 individuals / 20 leaves.
1-2 Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae infested tomato
plants along Nili plantations 2018:
The results cleared that the numbers of the two spotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae eggs were increased gradually during Nili cultivation
from July month where numbers were 13.7, 35.0, 10.0, and 0.0 eggs /
20 leaves for Alia , Super Strain , Alisa, and Sama varieties, respectively .
Significantly increases were observed during September , then the highest
numbers were recorded during October 790.0, 864.0, 563.3, and 563.3
eggs / 20 leaves, respectively, then numbers decreased again during
November .
As for movable stages , data showed significant increase from July
month to October , then numbers decreased during November . The
numbers on all varieties reach its peak during October recording 914.6,
985.3, 403.3, and 676.6 individuals / 20 leaves for Alia , Super Strain ,
Alisa , and Sama varieties , respectively.
1-3 Susceptibility of four tomato varieties to the infection with
Tetranychus urticae.
The results cleared that tomato varieties differ in their susceptibility
to the infestation with T. urticae specially during summer cultivation .
The tested tomato varieties could be arranged in descending order
according to their susceptibility to infestation, Sama variety was the most
significant susceptible , it recorded 793 individuals as average numbers
with 36.71 % infestation, followed by both Super Strain and Alisa
varieties with significant differences with other two varieties but no
significant differences were recorded between both , recording 566.14 ,
530.88 as average numbers and 26.21 , 24.6 % infestation for Super
Strain and Alisa , respectively. While , Alia variety was the lowest
significant susceptible with 269.94 as average and 12.5 % infestation.
Nili cultivation results recorded different trend , where Alia was
the most susceptible with average of 567.78 individuals and 35.3 %
infestation percentages followed by Super with average of 525.84
individuals and 32.7 %infestation without significant difference with Alia
infestation but Ailisa and Sama were less susceptible without significant
difference between each other but significantly averages was calculated
with Alia and Super , recording 203.6 and 311.34 individuals as average
and 12.6 , 19.36 % infestation .
from these results , it could be concluded that the four tested
varieties were variably infested with Tetranychus urticae during both
Summer and Nili cultivation -Effect of multiple fertilization treatments on adult numbers of
Tetranychus urticae infested four tomato varieties under field
conditions:
During Summer cultivation , different fertilizer treatments such as
(P2O515% - Sulpher70% - NPK19% - K2O 50% - MgSO4 - K2O 40%,
P2O530% - Iron 12% - Zinc 13% - Manganese 13% - Phospho green+ P
40%) were applied before and after planting of tomato seedling. the
numbers of Tetranychus urticae were observed in four tomato varieties.
During March month the numbers in treated and untreated plants
were approximately the same , slightly higher, in the control at some
dates, during April the numbers in both treatments and control were
gradually increased but more rapid in control , it ranged from 3 to 7
individuals/ leafet during 7 April for different treated varieties , while was
from 7 : 12 in control.
The numbers increased at the end of April reach 17, 24, 40, and 20
in treated plants , while it were 26, 30, 31,and 35 in control for Alia,
Super , Alisa, Sama .
During May continuously increase was observed from the
beginning of May to the end of the month in both treated and untreated
plants , but it was higher in untreated , the numbers were increased from
32 to 250 individuals in Alia treated plants compare with 41 to 280
individuals in untreated ; from 37 to 233 individuals compared with 72 to
451 individuals in Super variety 39 to 200 individuals compare with 79
to 562 individuals in Alisa ; and from 32 to 189 individuals compare with
102 to 677 individuals in Sama variety .
Plants in control were dead during June and July months , while
treated plants alive and infestation was decreased comparing with May
month.
from the obtained results it was concluded that Tetranychus urticae
numbers were increased from April to May months in both treated and
untreated plants. Also, there are significant differences between mite
numbers in treated and untreated plants during May month.
3. Eggplant experiment:
Ecological studies were performed for one plantation and used four
varieties (Patra - Sawad el laeil - Mileda - Distan) as follow:
3-1 Incidence studies indicated that all eggplant varieties were
infested with high number of Tetranychus urticae.
3-2 Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae infested
eggplant plants along the plantation.
Data cleared the effect of temperature and relative humidity on
Tetranychus urticae numbers infested the four eggplant varieties.
Egg numbers and movable stages were increased gradually from March to
June with increasing temperatures reaching its peak at the beginning of
June (32.1 egg / leaf, and 57.5 indiv. / leaf), then numbers decreased in
mid of July recorded 8.4 egg / leaf and 18.2 indiv. / leaf) on Patra variety
with mean number of 12.2 egg and 22.8 indiv. / leaf. While increasing
temperature to 40 ºC at June caused high decrease in mite numbers.
Sawad el laeil variety showed the same trend, increasing numbers of eggs
reaching its maximum in mid. of June 33.4 egg / leaf, and the numbers of
movable stages increased reaching its peak in the first of June (46.5 indiv.
/ leaf), then numbers began gradually to decreased with mean numbers of
(16.12 egg / leaf and 24.83 indiv. / leaf). For Mileda variety results
showed that the numbers as for eggs and movable stages of Tetranychus
urticae increased gradually reaching its maximum numbers at the
beginning of July (24.0 egg / leaf and 34.0 indiv. /leaf), while, the
temperature and relative humidity were appropriate to increase the
numbers during that period recorded 33 ºC and 78 % RH, then numbers of
eggs and movable stages began to decrease again in the mid of July with
increasing temperature and relative humidity. The mean numbers were
11.89 and 16.61 for egg and movable stages / leaf respectively. The
lowest mean number of eggs and individuals were observed on Distan
variety 2.9 and 15.3 / leaf with maximum number at the beginning of
July, 22.8 and 28.3 / leaf for eggs and movable stages when temperature
ranged from 24 : 33 ºC and relative humidity ranged from 33 : 78 % RH.
4-Susceptibility of four Eggplant varieties to the infection with
Tetranychus urticae.
The results cleared that eggplant varieties differ in their
susceptibility to the infestation with T. urticae
The tested eggplant varieties could be arranged in descending order
according to their susceptibility to infestation, Sawad el laeil variety was
the most significant susceptible , it recorded 450 individuals as average
numbers with 31% infestation, followed by Patra variety recording 413.6
as average numbers and 28.49% infestation, but Mileda and Distan
varieties were less susceptible without significant difference between
each other but significantly differences with other two varieties, recording
299 , 289 as average numbers and 20.60 , 19.91 % infestation for Mileda
and Distan , respectively.
5- Control studies:
5-1-Effect of a general control program against tomato pests on
the numbers of Tetranychus urticae on four tomato varieties:
Different compounds such as( Ridomil Gold® MZ 68 WG _ Pilot
25% WG - Rizolex-T 50% WP- Maxim XL 3.5% - Mospilan 20% SP -
Pasha 1.9% EC - Fastac 100 EC - Petaphos 48 % EC - Avaunt 150 EC -
Smayel 90 %SP) were used to control tomato pests which attack leaves.
The side effect of these compounds was observed on the spider mite ,
Tetranychus urticae infesting four varieties.
Results showed that T. urticae began to appear at the middle of
April month in all varieties in both treated and untreated plants , but
numbers were lower in treated plants with Pilot Rizolex, Maxim, and
Mospilan during March month , these numbers were 3,5,7, and 2 where
these numbers were 10, 7, 8, and 11 in untreated plants during 12 April
for Alia , Super ,Alisa , and Sama , respectively . After spraying Pasha
numbers of mites increased in both treated and untreated plants to 7, 8,
11,and 10 individuals/ 6 leaves for treated and 26, 30, 21,and 35
individuals/ 6 leaves for untreated plants of Alia , Super , Alisa, and Sama
varieties .
Rapidly increase was observed during May month in untreated
plants reach its peak at the end of May month when numbers were 380,
451, 562, and 677 individuals/ 6 leaves , while plants treated with
Ridomil , Fastac, and Petaphos had slight infestation calculated at 29 May
by 18, 37, 35, and 31 individuals/ 6 leaves for Alia , Super , Alisa, and
Sama varieties .
Plants in control were dead at the beginning of June, while numbers
slightly increased at the middle of June to 23, 31, 29,and 28 individuals/ 6
leaves.
5- 2- Effect of multiple application of chemical pesticides on fruit
weights of four tomato varieties:
The results showed that spray different chemical treatments which
reduced number of pests attacking tomato plants specially Tetranychus
urticae , increased the weights of tomato crops in all varieties , in addition
to elongate the harvest period of treated plants where untreated plants
were dead.
results observed that the highest increase percentages in tomato
yield was recorded at Alisa variety giving 720.8 %, followed by the Super
variety giving 657.1 % , and Sama variety yield increaed by 463.3 % ,
while Alia variety recorded the least increase in tomato yield estimated as
231.8 % compared with untreated plants.
Biological studies:
Biological aspects of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
under laboratory conditions:
The biological aspects of the tetranychid mite when reared on leaves
of four tomato varieties were studied under laboratory conditions. The
obtained results indicated that the biology of males is slightly faster than
the biology of females. Egg incubation period for males were varied and
prolonged from 2.3 to 3.7 days according to tomato variety while, this
period ranged from 2.7 to 3.7 days for female. Also, larva, protonymph
and deutonymph duration were varied for males and females reared on different leaf varieties with shortest periods when reared on Sama and
Super strain varieties. Total immature period was significantly prolonged
to reach 10.6 days at Alisa variety compared with other variety which
recorded 9.25, 9.2 and 9.7 days at Sama, Super strain and Alia varieties,
respectively. Also, total immature period was approximately the same for
female reared on different leaf varieties with longest periods. The longest
longevity periods were significantly recorded on Alia variety 9.75 and
11.8 days for males and females respectively, while the shortest period
recorded 8.0 days on super variety as males and 10.6 days on Sama
variety as females.
The life span of male ranged from 20.65 days for Sama variety to
22.1 days for Alisa with significant difference, also female life span
ranged from 24.4 to 26.7 days with significant difference between Sama
and Alia only.