الفهرس 
Review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is a major global health problem that currently affects millions of individuals worldwide. The global prevalence of diabetes is predicted to increase dramatically in the coming decades. In Egypt, diabetes is a fast-growing health problem with significant effects on health care resources, morbidity, and mortality. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious diabetes complications and one of the major causes of blindness. In Egypt; diabetes is the major cause of vision loss. Diabetes and diabetic retinopathy are complex genetic diseases that are associated with multiple genetic and environmental factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy is very important since it may protect from blindness and vision loss. Accordingly, this work is concerned with providing a new sensitive marker for the early prognosis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy by investigating the relation between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma 2 (PPARɣ2) C161T (rs3856806), aldose reductase (AR) C106T (rs759853), transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) (rs7903146) gene polymorphism and the risk of the development of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in a group of Egyptian individuals. Besides, evaluating the validity of malondialdehyde, uric acid and total bilirubin for discrimination between diabetics and healthy individuals, as well as discrimination between diabetics with and without DR. It can be concluded from the current results; MDA was suggested to be independent predictors for DM and DR susceptibility with a positive correlation with HbA1c.Uric acid may predict the progression of DR with a positive correlation with HbA1c.PPARγ2 rs3856806, TCF7L2 rs7903146, and AR rs759853 gene polymorphism may play an important role in the development of diabetes. PPARϒ2 and TCF7L2 gene polymorphism were independent susceptible genes of DR in the Egyptian population. AR SNP gene polymorphism has no significant association with the development of DR.